Step 1 GI

These flashcards provide a comprehensive review of key concepts in GI Anatomy & Embryology, essential for understanding developmental processes and common clinical conditions.

What are the three major salivary glands?

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.

What muscle forms the upper esophageal sphincter?

Cricopharyngeus.

List the segments of the small intestine.

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.

What is the blood supply of the foregut?

Celiac Artery.

What nerve supplies the midgut?

Vagus Nerve (PNS) & T10-T12 Splanchnic Nerves (SNS).

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

Regulates the passage of contents from the stomach to the duodenum.

What embryonic structure does the visceral peritoneum arise from?

Splanchnic Mesoderm.

What complication arises from incorrect fusion of the abdominal cavity?

Gastroschisis.

What is the mnemonic for recalling the portions of the small intestine?

DJ Illest.

What do the dorsal and ventral mesogastrium give rise to?

Ventral: liver, lesser curvature of the stomach; Dorsal: spleen, greater omentum.

What marks the transition between blood supplies to the hindgut?

Watershed territories.

What is a common defect associated with esophageal atresia?

VACTERL syndrome.

Where does the vitelline duct connect in the embryo?

Midgut to the yolk sac.

What happens if the vitelline duct does not obliterate?

Meckel Diverticulum may occur.

What is Meckel Diverticulum?

Congenital remnant of the vitelline duct, often leading to complications.

What is the most common tracheoesophageal defect?

Esophageal Atresia with Tracheoesophageal Fistula.

What is a cause for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

Risk factors include bottle feeding and exposure to certain antibiotics.

What sign is associated with duodenal atresia on X-ray?

Double bubble sign.

What is the significance of the umbilical hernia?

Delayed closure of umbilical ring after physiological herniation.

What distinguishes omphalocele from gastroschisis?

Omphalocele has a covering of the amniotic membrane; gastroschisis does not.

What are the symptoms of pyloric stenosis?

Projectile non-bilious vomiting, metabolic acidosis, and an olive-shaped mass.

What is the primary cause of biliary atresia?

Fibro-obliteration of the common bile duct.

Where does the pancreatic duct drain?

Into the major duodenal papilla.

What embryonic structure does the enteric nervous system develop from?

Ectoderm (neural crest cells).

Identify the blood supply of the hindgut.

Inferior Mesenteric Artery.

What does the ampulla of Vater connect?

The pancreatic duct with the common bile duct.

What can occur if the midgut fails to rotate properly?

Cecum could be incorrectly positioned, leading to potential complications.

What type of hernia occurs in gastroschisis?

Paraumbilical hernia.

What is a risk associated with Meckel Diverticulum?

Bowel obstruction or infections.

What imaging feature is indicative of jejunal and ileal atresia?

Triple bubble sign.

What is a potential complication of pancreatic divisum?

Increased risk of pancreatitis.

What complication arises from annular pancreas?

It can obstruct the duodenum.

What is a clinical feature of congenital umbilical hernia?

It may reduce spontaneously unless the bowel is incarcerated.

What histological layer is responsible for the secretion of bile?

Hepatocytes in the liver.

What developmental stage is characterized by the rotation of the foregut?

Weeks 4-6 of embryonic development.

What condition is characterized by insufficient blood supply to the bowel?

Watershed ischemia.

What are the roles of the vagus nerve in the gastrointestinal system?

It provides parasympathetic innervation to the foregut and midgut.

Identify a risk factor for hyperplasia of the pyloric sphincter.

Macrolide antibiotic exposure.

What risk does prematurity pose regarding abdominal wall defects?

It increases the likelihood of omphalocele and gastroschisis.

What defines the term 'splanchnic'?

Relating to the viscera, particularly the intestines.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Store and concentrate bile.

What is the consequence of obstructed pancreatic ducts?

Pancreatitis may occur due to backup of pancreatic enzymes.

What common gastrointestinal anomaly is associated with Trisomy 21?

Duodenal atresia.

What structures arise from the mesoderm during development?

Visceral and parietal peritoneum.