AP U.S. Government and Politics - Unit 2 Review

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the U.S. government's structure, judicial powers, and legislative processes as found in the lecture notes.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to nullify unconstitutional acts, established in Marbury v. Madison (1803).

Federalist No. 78

Hamilton's argument that courts are the least dangerous branch due to life tenure ensuring independence.

Precedent

A court ruling that is considered a standard for future cases; relies on past rulings for consistency.

Judicial Activism

A philosophy of judicial interpretation that advocates for broad interpretation to achieve justice.

Judicial Restraint

A philosophy that advises courts to defer to the legislative branch.

Checks and Balances

A system that ensures accountability among the three branches of government.

Impeachment Process

The House impeaches with a simple majority, while the Senate tries and removes with a 2/3 vote.

Bureaucracy

Executive agencies that implement laws and regulations, carrying out administrative functions.

Discretionary Spending

Annual spending that is subject to budget decisions, such as defense and education.

Mandatory Spending

Spending on entitlement programs that must be funded, like Social Security and Medicare.

Gerrymandering

The practice of drawing district boundaries to benefit a particular political party.

Redistricting

The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries based on census data.

Filibuster

A Senate tactic where a prolonged debate is used to block a vote.

Cloture

A procedure to end a filibuster, requiring a 3/5 vote in the Senate.

Enumerated Powers

Powers explicitly listed in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution.

Implied Powers

Powers not explicitly listed but derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Power of the Purse

The constitutional power of Congress to control government spending.

Chief Justice's Role in Impeachment

Presides over the Senate during impeachment trials.