Human bio unit 1

Metabolism

The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Double-blind study

An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo

Radioisotopes

Isotopes that have unstable nuclei and undergo radioactive decay.

Buffer

A solution that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added to it

Dehydration reaction

Synthesis into macromolecules

Hydrolysis reaction

Addition of water to break up macromolecules

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules, glucose

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction like sugar or lactose

Polysaccharides

Complex carbs such as starch, glycogen, cellulose

Triglycerides

One glycerol and three fatty acids

Emulsifiers

molecules that surround triglycerides and disperse, or emulsify them

Waxes

one fatty acid linked to an alcohol

Fatty acids

Long chains of carbons and oxygens

Saturated vs unsaturated

Saturated: no double covalent bonds Unsaturated: at least one double covalent bond because Hydrogens are missing

Trans fats

Man made fats that contribute to heart disease for than other fatty acids, are banned now

Phospholipids

A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Steroids

Lipids made of four fused carbon rings

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Antibodies

Proteins that bind to foreign substances called antigens and disable them

How many amino acids

20

Peptide bonds

Polar covalent bonds between two amino acids

Denaturation

Change in the shape of a protein that disrupts its function

Tertiary structure

Final shape of a polypeptide

Quarternary structure

2+ associated polypeptides

Primary structure, secondary structure

Linear, localized folding

Nucleotides

a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

Nucleic acids

Polymers of nucleotides

Coenzymes

Regulate enzyme action

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Broken down into ADP and releases energy in the process

Plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Endosymbiosis

A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.

Micelle

When plasma membranes are placed in water, form these

fluid mosiac model of cell membrane

Proteins move freely and laterally, consistency of oil at body temp, cholesterol for support

Glycoproteins

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.

Glycolipids

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids.

Aquaporins

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane

Diffusion

High to low concentration; no energy required

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Hypotonic

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.

Hypertonic

A solution that will cause cells to shrink

Facilitated transport

High to low concentration via a protein carrier or transporter; no energy required

Active transport

Against concentration gradient (low to high); uses ATP; needs protein carrier or pump

Bulk transport

Move lots of things or large things

Endocytosis

Transportation of molecules or cells into the cell via invagination of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle

Phagocytosis

Endocytosis of pathogens

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Particles first bind to receptors in the plasma membrane which initiates endocytosis

Exocytosis

Transports things out of the cell via fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Nuclear pores

holes in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus

Ribosomes

Made of RNA and protein, synthesizes proteins

Rough ER function

Ribosomes on it are used to make proteins

Smooth ER

lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids

Golgi Apparatus function

Modify liquids and proteins

Vesicles function

Used for transport

Lysosomes

Vesicles made by the Golgi that contain hydrologic enzymes that break down molecules into smaller parts

Cytoskeleton

Protein fibers that maintain cell shape, anchor, and/or move organelles in the cell

Microtubles

Assembly controlled by Centris ones cell shape, tracks along which organelles move, help move chromosomes during cell division

Actin filaments

made of protein and actin, long and very thin, involved in movement

Intermediate filaments

Sized between actin and microtubles, functions vary

Extracellular matrix

Protective mesh of proteins and polysaccharides that surround a cell; contains collagen and elastin

Fibronetin

An adhesive protein that binds to integrin

Integrin

an integral membrane protein that is connected to the cytoskeleton

Adhesion junctions

attach cytoskeletons of adjacent cells

Tight junctions

Produce a barrier

Gap junctions

two channels fuse, allowing communication between the cells

Feedback inhibition

When an end product interacts with an enzyme early on

Active site

area on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Coenzymes

No protein molecules that help an enzyme function

cellular respiration

glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Glycolisis

occurs in cytoplasm; converts one glucose into 2 pyruvic acids, makes 2 ATP and NADH, anaerobic

Preparatory reaction

When oxygen is available, pyruvate then enters the preparatory (prep) reaction

Prepares the pyruvates for use in the citric acid cycle

When oxygen is not available, fermentation occurs

Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

A cyclical series of enzymatic reactions; produces NADH + 2ATP and CO2

Electron transport chain

Aerobic process requires oxygen and makes 34-36 ATP

Fermentation produces

Lactate