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Metabolism
The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Double-blind study
An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo
Radioisotopes
Isotopes that have unstable nuclei and undergo radioactive decay.
Buffer
A solution that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added to it
Dehydration reaction
Synthesis into macromolecules
Hydrolysis reaction
Addition of water to break up macromolecules
Monosaccharides
Single sugar molecules, glucose
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction like sugar or lactose
Polysaccharides
Complex carbs such as starch, glycogen, cellulose
Triglycerides
One glycerol and three fatty acids
Emulsifiers
molecules that surround triglycerides and disperse, or emulsify them
Waxes
one fatty acid linked to an alcohol
Fatty acids
Long chains of carbons and oxygens
Saturated vs unsaturated
Saturated: no double covalent bonds Unsaturated: at least one double covalent bond because Hydrogens are missing
Trans fats
Man made fats that contribute to heart disease for than other fatty acids, are banned now
Phospholipids
A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
Steroids
Lipids made of four fused carbon rings
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
Antibodies
Proteins that bind to foreign substances called antigens and disable them
How many amino acids
20
Peptide bonds
Polar covalent bonds between two amino acids
Denaturation
Change in the shape of a protein that disrupts its function
Tertiary structure
Final shape of a polypeptide
Quarternary structure
2+ associated polypeptides
Primary structure, secondary structure
Linear, localized folding
Nucleotides
a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
Nucleic acids
Polymers of nucleotides
Coenzymes
Regulate enzyme action
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Broken down into ADP and releases energy in the process
Plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Endosymbiosis
A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.
Micelle
When plasma membranes are placed in water, form these
fluid mosiac model of cell membrane
Proteins move freely and laterally, consistency of oil at body temp, cholesterol for support
Glycoproteins
Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.
Glycolipids
Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids.
Aquaporins
A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane
Diffusion
High to low concentration; no energy required
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Hypotonic
Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.
Hypertonic
A solution that will cause cells to shrink
Facilitated transport
High to low concentration via a protein carrier or transporter; no energy required
Active transport
Against concentration gradient (low to high); uses ATP; needs protein carrier or pump
Bulk transport
Move lots of things or large things
Endocytosis
Transportation of molecules or cells into the cell via invagination of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis of pathogens
Pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Particles first bind to receptors in the plasma membrane which initiates endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transports things out of the cell via fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Nuclear pores
holes in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus
Ribosomes
Made of RNA and protein, synthesizes proteins
Rough ER function
Ribosomes on it are used to make proteins
Smooth ER
lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids
Golgi Apparatus function
Modify liquids and proteins
Vesicles function
Used for transport
Lysosomes
Vesicles made by the Golgi that contain hydrologic enzymes that break down molecules into smaller parts
Cytoskeleton
Protein fibers that maintain cell shape, anchor, and/or move organelles in the cell
Microtubles
Assembly controlled by Centris ones cell shape, tracks along which organelles move, help move chromosomes during cell division
Actin filaments
made of protein and actin, long and very thin, involved in movement
Intermediate filaments
Sized between actin and microtubles, functions vary
Extracellular matrix
Protective mesh of proteins and polysaccharides that surround a cell; contains collagen and elastin
Fibronetin
An adhesive protein that binds to integrin
Integrin
an integral membrane protein that is connected to the cytoskeleton
Adhesion junctions
attach cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
Tight junctions
Produce a barrier
Gap junctions
two channels fuse, allowing communication between the cells
Feedback inhibition
When an end product interacts with an enzyme early on
Active site
area on the enzyme where the substrate binds
Coenzymes
No protein molecules that help an enzyme function
cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy
Glycolisis
occurs in cytoplasm; converts one glucose into 2 pyruvic acids, makes 2 ATP and NADH, anaerobic
Preparatory reaction
When oxygen is available, pyruvate then enters the preparatory (prep) reaction
Prepares the pyruvates for use in the citric acid cycle
When oxygen is not available, fermentation occurs
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
A cyclical series of enzymatic reactions; produces NADH + 2ATP and CO2
Electron transport chain
Aerobic process requires oxygen and makes 34-36 ATP
Fermentation produces
Lactate
Note 
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