EL1 - Lecture 2 Description and classification of sounds

By Vzu Nguyen

Classification

• In order to form consonants, the air-stream through the vocal organs must be obstructed in some way. Therefore, consonants can be classified according to: term-1

- voicing

- the place where the air-stream is obstructed (the ______ ___ ____________), and

- the way in which the air-stream is obstructed (the ______ ____ ____________).

place of articulation, manner of articulation

Which are the three criteria we use to classify consonants (please write them correct order)?

voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation

According to manner of articulation

• Manner of articulation is the ______ in which the air-stream is obstructed or altered in the production of speech sounds.

• It describes the types of _____________ caused by the narrowing or closure of the articulators.

way, obstruction

classification according to place of articulation:

1. ______________:

E.g. /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/

2.______-________ :

E.g. /f/, /v/

3._____-_____/________ :

E.g. /θ/, /ð/

4. ______________:

E.g. /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /l/, /n/

5. ________-________/________-__________:

E.g. /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /r/

6. ___________:

E.g. /j/

7. _________:

E.g. /k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/

8. __________:

E.g. /h/

bilabial, labio-dental, inter-dental, dental, alveolar, alveolo-palatal, palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal

According to the manner of articulation

1. ______ (______ ______/________):

E.g. /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/

2. ______ (_______ ________):

E.g. /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

• Note: For every stop position in English, there is a nasal articulated in the same position. /p/ and /b/, /t/ and /d/, /k/ and /g/ vs. /m/, /n/, /ŋ/

3. _________ (____________):

E.g. /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/

• Notes: ______________ are continuant consonants which means that you can continue making them as long as you have enough air in your lungs.

4. _____________:

A stop is immediately followed by a homorganic fricative.

E.g. /tʃ/, /dʒ /

5. _______________ (____________ ______________):

a. __________: E.g. /l/

b. __________: E.g. /r/

c. _______ (_______-_________): E.g. /w/, /j/

stop (oral stop/plosive),

nasal (nasal stop),

fricative (spirant),

fricatives,

affricate,

approximant (frictionless continuant),

lateral,

retroflex,

glide (semi-vowel)

Definition

• Vowels are the sounds in the production of which none of the articulators come very close together so the passage of air-stream is relatively ___________________ and the air can get out __________.

• Vowels depend mainly on the_____________ ___ ____ __________ ___ ___ _________ . They are normally voiced.

unobstructed, freely, variations in the position of the tongue,

Consonants

• The sounds which are _______________ with some kind of ____________, or ___________, of the air stream.

• Those segments which occur at the edges of syllables, and are optional in the syllables. (Phụ âm thường xuất hiện ở đầu hoặc cuối âm tiết (như cat → /kæt/, stop → /stɒp/), và đôi khi có thể bị lược bỏ trong một số trường hợp, như trong tiếng Anh giao tiếp nhanh - hiện tượng nuốt/lướt âm trong tiếng Anh - elision).

articulated, stricture, closure

When classifying vowels (monophthongs), we will consider..........

1. short/long,

2. tongue height (high/low/mid),

3. part of the tongue raised (front/back/central),

4. degree of lip rounding (rounded/unrounded/neutral)

According to tongue height

1. ______ vowels: E.g.: /u:/, /i:/

2. ______ vowels: E.g.: /ɑː/, /æ/

3. ____ vowels: E.g.: /e/, /ɜː/

high, low, mid

According to the part of the tongue raised

1. _______ vowels: E.g. /i:/, /æ/

2. ________ vowels: E.g. /ʊ/, /ɒ/

3. _________ vowels: E.g. /ə/, /ʌ/

front, back, central

According to degree of lip rounding

1. _____________ vowels: E.g. /ʊ/, /ɒ/, /u:/, /ɔː/

2. _____________ vowels: E.g. /i:/, /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/

3. _____________ vowels: E.g. /ɜː/, /ə/, /ɑː/, /ʌ/

rounded, unrounded, neutral

Long and short vowels

• _______ vowels: E.g. /i:/, /u:/

• ________ vowels: E.g. /ɪ/, /ʊ/

• Long vowels tend to be longer than short vowels in similar contexts. The symbols consist of one single vowel plus a length mark made of two dots.

• They are different from short vowels not only in length but also in quality, resulting from differences in tongue shapes and lip positions.

long, short

From your memory, regenerate the classification charts of monophthongs and diphthongs

Diphthongs

• Definition:

- A diphthong is a _______ from one vowel to another, and the whole glide acts like one of the long simple vowels.

- In terms of length, diphthongs are like long vowels. E.g. /aɪ/, /eɪ/

glide

Diphthongs

• Classification:

- _____________ : ending in /ə/

- _______________

• Ending in /ɪ/

• Ending in /ʊ/

centring, closing

Describing diphthongs

• Describe the _________ from the first vowel to the second

glide