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Medieval period

Medieval period

Also known as Middle Age.

Medieval era

is the period in European history that took place between 350 AD to 1450 AD.

Medieval art

is an account of history of an integration of technique between the elements of classical, early Christian and “barbarian” that were produced in different media and style.

Art historians have difficulty in classifying medieval art into major periods and styles:

✓Early Christian

✓Byzantine

✓Romanesque

✓Gothic

Islamic art

was also developed in the Middle Ages in a form of illustrated manuscripts, textiles, ceramics, metalwork and glass.

Muslim artists

worked in the early formative stage of the period and then diverged in a variety of styles depending on the region in which the artist worked.

Early Christian art

marks an important transition between the Greco-Roman heritage and the emerging art and architecture of the Middle Ages. Students identify the catacombs, list characteristic features of Early Christian basilicas such as Old Saint Peter’s, and be able to discuss the Classical and Early Christian styles exhibited in a work of art.

The Romanesque style

flourished in Western Europe between 1000 and 1150. the design of churches during a period was a practical response to the phenomenon of pilgrimages because pilgrims journeyed to visit sacred relics at holy sites, churches were built to house relics and accommodate pilgrims as well as to provide space for workshop.

Architects

incorporated ambulatories in their design.

Ambulatory

is a semicircular passageway that surrounds the apes. It enabled pilgrims to walk around the apse without disturbing the daily rituals of the priest.

The Gothic period

continued the trend of church building set by the Romanesque period before it. Under the influence of abbot slugger's treatises.

Gothic architect

strove to create building of ever greater height and light. Pointed arches ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses made the greater height possible.

The gothic style

grew in popularity during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries spreading, from France to England and other European countries where architects blended gothic elements with their regional styles.

Ceramic art

Early medieval ceramics were hand shaped, rather than wheel-turned producing cooking pots and jars, jugs and pitchers and crucible.

Heraldy

is the practice of designing and recording coats of arms and badges. Warriors often decorated their shield with patterns and mythological motifs.

Illuminated manuscripts

were religious texts embellished with rich colors which often featured the use of gold and silver.

Ivory carving

is the carving of ivory by using sharp cutting tools, either mechanically or manually.

Mosaic

is the art of creating images with small pieces of colored glass, stone or other material.

Sculpture

Gothic sculpture evolved from the early stiff and elongated style of statues used in Romanesque art.

Stained glass

small pieces of glass arranged to form patterns or pictures which are held together by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame.

Tapestry

is a form of textile art, traditionally woven on a vertical loom with rich colored designs or scenes usually hung on walls for decoration

Fresco wall-paintings

Fresco is a painting type which is executed in plaster on walls or ceilings

Frescos

are paintings made directly onto a wall or ceiling while the plaster is still wet Plaster and with this setting, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall.

Panel painting

a painting on a panel made of a single or several pieces of wood joined together. Panel painting was the normal form of support for painting until canvas became popular in the 16the century.

Renaissance Period

a period from the 14th to the 17th century - The word ‘renaissance’ is a French word which means ‘REBIRTH’ or ‘REVIVAL’. - It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe. It was a time of great Music, Literature, Philosophy, Science and Technology, Architecture, Religion and Fine Arts.

✓ Early Renaissance (1400-1475 AD)

✓ High Renaissance (1475-1525 AD)

✓ Late Renaissance or Mannerism (1525-1600 AD)

Evolution of Renaissance art took place in 3 stages:

Mona Lisa

Artist: Leonardo da Vinci

Dimensions: 77 cm x 53 cm

Created: 1503 Period: Renaissance Genre: Portrait

Vitruvian Man

Artist: Leonardo da Vinci

Dimensions: 35 cm x 26 cm

Location: The Louvre (since 1797)

Created: 1490 Period: High Renaissance Genre: Ink

Early Renaissance

– began in Florence towards the end of the 14the century. During this period, a revolution in philosophy, science and mathematics dramatically changed composition and representation in the arts. While the subject matter remained primarily Christian, a variety of additional symbols and themes were introduced along with ideas from classical mythology.

High Renaissance

– produces the most, the best, and the art that epitomizes the movement. It includes the big names like Da Vince, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Many artists during this time were excelled in many different things, the origin of the phrase “renaissance man”. Artists such as Michelangelo and Brunelleschi reached their peak during this era. Thus, there was such concentration of talent in Italy at the time and people were so interested in cultivating these talents.

Late Renaissance/ Mannerism

While technically masterful, mannerist compositions were full of clashing colors, disquieting figures with abnormally elongated limbs, emotion and bizarre themes that combined Classicism, Christianity, and mythology.

Mannerist Painting Characteristics

- Elongation of the neck and torso

- Cropping of figures towards the edges

- Very little breathing room - Subjects

– unrealistic figures, artificial

- Use of color

– very acidic, skin colors

–extremely pale

The Madonna with the Long Neck

also known as Madonna and Child with Angels and St. Jerome, is an Italian Mannerist oil painting by Parmigianino, dating from c. 1535- 1540 and depicting Madonna and Child with angels.

Renaissance art

in this art human emotions were depicted liberally. Humans were very natural and lifelike. They had realistic expressions unlike the humans depicted in medieval art. Artists preferred to paint Greek Mythology characters and Greek philosophers. painting was complicated and had more depth due to the use of linear perspective. Objects further away were smaller, less distinct and less sharp colored compared to medieval art.

Medieval art

in this art humans are made lesser use of emotion the art was simple and mono dimensional. artworks had religious themes and were inspired by gothic culture.

New Media, New Art Forms (20th-21st Century)

The artists in this period used new materials, new techniques of painting and developed new theories about how art should reflect the perceived world. They abandoned strict adherence to traditional hierarches of medium and embraced any means, including technological, which best served their purposes.

Art Nouveau

was an artistic movement, which became popular between 1890 and 1905. It was practiced in the fields of art, architecture, and applied art. It is a French term meaning “new art” and is best described by organic and plant motifs, as well as any highly stylized forms.

Fauvism and Expressionism (1890-1939 AD)

was the first 20th century movement in the modern art led by Matisse and Rouault, The group called ‘Les Fauves’ or the ‘The Wild Beast’ used wild colors and depictions of primitive object and people

Expressionism

is like looking at two sides of a coin. Both rest on the value of color as applied in painting.

Fauvists

used color to express joy, the artists of the German Expressionist movement manipulated it to convey the darker side of human emotions, ending up with a much different result.

Cubism (1907-1914 AD) –

was the first abstract art developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. It has been the most influential art movement in the 20th century.

Cubist artwork

organic forms were broken down into a series of geometric shapes and reassembled in an abstracted form. Instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, cubist artists view it from many angles selected from sight, memory., and movement.

Dada (1916-1923)

It began in Zurich, Switzerland wherein it emerged out of negative reaction to the horrors of World War 1 and rationalism, which many thought had brought war about. It was a sort of revolution against the very concept of art that rejected reason and logic, irrationality and intuition. Marcel Duchamp, one of the leading dada artists, used ready-mades or mass-produced objects. One of his well-known works is the “Fountain”, a urinal, turned upside down to which he submitted to an exhibition in 1917.

Fountain

is a readymade sculpture produced by Marcel Duchamp in 1917, consisting of a porcelain urinal signed "R.Mutt".Dimensions: 61 cm x 36 cm x 48 cm Period: Dada Media: Ceramic, glazed ceramic

The Weeping Woman

Artist: Pablo Picasso Dimensions: 60 cm x 49 cm Location: Tate Modern, London Created: 26 October 1937 Medium: Oil paint Period: Cubism

Abstract Expressionism (1940-1960s)

– it was an American post-World War II art movement. It is regarded by many as the Golden Age of American Art and the first American movement vary greatly in style, yet they all share outlook in the freedom of individual expression.

Surrealism (1922-1939 AD)

The works feature the element of surprise, evocative juxtaposition of strange images in order to include unconscious dream elements. In painting, it is expressed in two techniques: the Naturalistic technique in the works of Salvador Dali and the Abstract technique in the works of Joan Miro.

Pop Art (1950-1960s)

It is an art movement that emerged in the mid1950s in United Kingdom and became prevalent in the late 1950s in the United States. It depicts methods, styles, and themes of popular culture and employs techniques of commercial art or popular illustration such as comic strips and advertising.

Optical Art (1960s)

Also known as Op Art, a style of visual art popularized in 1960s. The term is used to describe artworks which seem to swell and vibrate through their use of optical illusion. Op Art is a dynamic visual art, stemming from a discordant figure-ground relationship that causes the two planes to be in contradictory and the creation of effects through the use of pattern and line.

Photorealism(1960s-1970s)

The subject matter, usually everyday scenes, is portrayed in an extremely detailed, exacting style. It is also called super realism, especially when referring to sculpture. It is the genre of painting using cameras and photographs to gather visual information and to create a painting that appears to be photographic.

Minimalism (1960s-1970s)

also called ABC Art, Minimal Art, Reductivism, and Rejective Art. It is a school of abstract painting and sculpture that emphasizes extreme simplification of form. Like the painters, minimalist sculptos attempted to make thir works totally objective, unexpressive, and non-referential.

Fine art or the fine arts

denote art forms developed primarily for aesthetics and/or concept, distinguishing them from applied arts that also serve some practical function. This period made some artists gained freedom by at the courts or monarchs and nobility, while others made art to sell directly to individual working collectors. As a result, art academies became increasingly important as a way to enter into the profession without conforming to guild regulations.

Baroque Period (1600-1750A), Baroque Art

is a highly ornate and extravagant style of art. They make use of light and shadow to produce dramatic effects. The paintings show figures in diagonal, twists, and zigzags.

Baroque

was derived from a Portuguese word meaning “a pearl of irregular shape”.

Baroque sculpture

depicted the beauty of art and stressed on the expression of emotion.

Rococo (1700 – 1750 AD) Rococo art

is a graceful style in art. placed emphasis voluptuousness and picturesque and intimate presentation of farm and country. technique made use of soft pastel colors. Rendering the landscape smoking and hazy with the subject always in the center of the canvas.

Rococo

also referred to as “Late Baroque”, is an artistic movement that developed in the early part of the 18th century in Paris

Neo-Classicism (1750- 1830 AD)

It was considered the “highest rank given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture. It is a revival of the styles and spirit of classic antiquity inspired directly from the classical period in 18th and 19th centuries. Neo-classicism is characterized by order, symmetry, and simplicity of style.

Oath of the Horatii

is a large painting by the French artist Jacques-Louis David painted in 1784 and now on display in the Louvre in Paris. The painting immediately became a huge success with critics and the public, and remains one of the best known paintings in the Neoclassical style.

Romanticism

began as a literary and philosophical movement. The term comes from “romance”, a prose or poetic narrative favoring heroism that originated in medieval times. In contrast to Neo-classicism, Romanticism favored wildness and expression, individuality and unbridled creativity. It was full of raw emotions, ranging from longing and awe to fear and horror, and an uprising against rationalism.

Modernism in the 19th Century -

the term Modernism applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the arts that emerged from the middle of the 19th century, as artists rebelled against traditional Historicism, and later through 20th century as the necessity of an individual rejecting previous tradition, and by creating individual, original techniques.

Impressionism

the movement away from art as imitation, or representation, probably started in France with the work of the impressionists in the 19th century. The artist is not just painting a representation, because the artwork is giving a personal impression of what is see. The artist is not trying to be a photographic realist.

Sunrise

is a painting by Claude Monet first shown at what would become known as the "Exhibition of the Impressionists" in Paris in April, 1874. The painting is credited with inspiring the name of the Impressionist movement. Impression, Sunrise depicts the port of Le Havre, Monet's hometown.

Post-Impressionism

it denotes the phase of modern art wherein artists sought to progress beyond the narrow imitative style of Impressionism. Often exhibited together, but, unlike the Impressionists, they wanted to work alone.

The Starry Night

is an oil on canvas painting by Dutch PostImpressionist painter Vincent van Gogh. Painted in June 1889, it depicts the view from the east-facing window of his asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, just before sunrise, with the addition of an idyllic village.

Pointilism/ Neo-Impressionism

describes a technique of painting in which hundreds of small dots or dashes of pure color are applied to the canvas or other ground in order to create maximum luminosity. The term was first used to describe the paintings of Georges Seurat and Paul Signac who developed the technique in 1896.

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

painted from 1884 to 1886, is Georges Seurat's most famous work. It is a leading example of pointillist technique, executed on a large canvas. Seurat's composition includes a number of Parisians at a park on the banks of the River Seine. Artist: Georges Seurat Dimensions: 2.08 m x 3.08 m Subject: People relaxing at la Grande Jatte, Paris Created: 1884–1886 Locations: The Art Institute of Chicago (1926–1958), The Art Institute of Chicago Periods: Pointillism, Neo-Impressionism