ap human geo semester final 1

What is an autonomous region?

A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from its parent state.

What is a multi-state nation?

When a nation has a state of its own but also stretches across the borders of other states.

What is a multinational state?

A country that contains more than one nation.

What is a city-state?

A small sovereign state made up of a city and its surrounding area.

What is a nation?

A group of people who share a common cultural heritage and have the desire to express their self-determination.

What is a stateless nation?

Cultural groups that have no independent political entity of their own.

What is a nation-state?

A singular nation of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state.

What is the formal term for a country in international relations?

State.

What criteria must be met to be recognized as a state?

Defined boundaries, permanent population, sovereignty over domestic and international affairs, and recognition by other states.

Why do states create autonomous regions?

To improve administrative efficiency, meet the needs of unique nations, and prevent separatist movements.

What is a natural boundary?

A boundary based on natural physical features that separate entities.

What is a geometric boundary?

A boundary that is a straight line that does not account for natural features.

What is an antecedent boundary?

A boundary drawn before a large population was present.

What is a subsequent boundary?

A boundary drawn to accommodate religious, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences.

What is a relic boundary?

A boundary that no longer functions, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape.

What is a superimposed boundary?

A boundary drawn by outside powers.

What are definitional boundary disputes?

Disputes that occur when parties disagree over how to interpret legal documents or maps that identify where a boundary is located.

What are locational boundary disputes?

Disputes that occur when parties disagree about where a boundary should be located.

What are operational boundary disputes?

Disputes that occur when parties disagree about how a boundary should function.

What are allocational boundary disputes?

Disputes that occur when a boundary separates natural resources that may be useful to both parties.

What is the difference between colonialism and neocolonialism?

Colonialism is direct rule with political control, while neocolonialism is indirect control through economic influence.

How do territoriality, sovereignty, and self-determination shape the modern political map?

They drive changes through border disputes, new state formations, devolution, and conflicts over identity and resources.

What is the Organic Theory of states?

States are born and need nourishment and living space to survive, which they get by annexing territory from weaker states.

Who established the Organic Theory?

Friedrich Ratzel

How is the Organic Theory influenced by Darwin?

It views states as similar to living organisms, believing that natural selection applies to relationships among them.

What did the Nazis justify their expansion with during WWII?

The idea that the Aryan race needed more lebensraum (living space) as they were racially superior.

What is the Heartland Theory?

Land-based power is essential for global domination, controlling the Heartland leads to domination of the Rimland and the entire world.

Who theorized the Heartland Theory?

Sir Halford Mackinder

Why is control of the Heartland important?

It has many valuable resources.

What is the Rimland Theory?

Power is derived from controlling strategic maritime areas; whoever controls the Rimland controls Eurasia and the world.

Who theorized the Rimland Theory?

Nicholas Spykman

Why is control of the Rimland crucial?

It has more varied resources, more people, and greater access to the sea.

What is a Census?

The systematic collection of demographic, social, and economic data about a population, usually every 10 years.

What is Reapportionment?

The process of reallocating the fixed 435 seats in the House of Representatives among the 50 states based on population shifts.

What is Redistricting?

Redrawing district lines within states.

What is Gerrymandering?

The manipulative drawing of voting district boundaries to favor one political party or group.

What characterizes a shatterbelt region?

A buffer zone between hostile states with political, economic, and cultural pressures causing splintering.

Give an example of a shatterbelt region.

Eastern Europe has functioned as a shatterbelt between Western Europe and Russia.

What is a choke point?

A strategic location that can provide power through control over global trade and energy flows.

What are the benefits of devolution?

Could prevent breakup of state, more representative government, and increased cultural preservation.

What are the drawbacks of devolution?

Uneven provision of services, rise in nativism, and could fuel desire for further independence.

What is the connection between devolution and balkanization?

Devolution can lead to balkanization when regional demands for autonomy escalate into secession.

What is a centripetal force?

A force that unites people together, often leading to the creation or strengthening of states.

What is a centrifugal force?

A force that tends to break states apart or prevent them from forming.

How does globalization challenge sovereignty?

It increases cross-border flows that limit a state's independent control, leading nations to cede authority to supranational bodies.

What is a benefit of supranationalism related to economic unity?

If people are united economically, it typically brings political stability.

How does supranationalism affect trade opportunities?

It creates a larger market and increased trade opportunities because there are fewer restrictions.

What is a benefit of belonging to a supranational organization?

Greater international influence and competitive edge.

What is a drawback of supranationalism concerning jobs?

Transfer of jobs to inexpensive labor markets could lead to questionable quality of goods and exploitation of workers.

How does supranationalism affect allegiance to states?

Allegiance to individual states decreases.

What is a drawback of supranationalism regarding economic and political actions?

It limits economic and political actions of member states.

What is one environmental concern related to supranationalism?

Increased competition can lead to environmental concerns.

What is the principle of distance decay?

As the distance between two places increases, the likelihood of interaction decreases.

What defines a formal region?

A geographic area defined by a consistent, shared characteristic with clearly delineated boundaries.

What is a vernacular region?

An area defined by people's shared perceptions and cultural identity, without strict borders.

What is a functional region?

An area organized around a central node, defined by the flow of goods, services, or people.

What is arithmetic population density?

Total Population divided by Total Land Area.

What is physiological population density?

Total Population divided by Total Arable Land.

What is the formula to calculate doubling time?

Formula = 70 / NR.

What are the stages of the Demographic Transition Model?

Stage 1: High birth and death rates; Stage 2: High birth, falling death rates; Stage 3: Falling birth, low death rates; Stage 4: Low birth and death rates; Stage 5: Very low birth, low death rates.

What are the main causes of death in Stage 1 of the Epidemiological Transition Model?

Pestilence and famine, including epidemics and malnutrition.

What is the definition of ethnocentrism?

The belief that one's own culture is superior, leading to misunderstandings and prejudice.

What is cultural convergence?

The process where different cultures become increasingly similar due to increased interaction.

What is acculturation?

The process where one culture adopts traits from another while retaining significant parts of its original identity.

What is the time frame for major decolonization in Africa?

The 30 year period from 1950 to 1970.

What is the definition of subnationalism?

Allegiance to an ethnic group instead of the state as a whole.