History test 3 Bian

Confucianism?

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct

What marked the revival of a primary intellectual tradition that emphasized secular concerns?

The renaissance

According to the Protestant Church Doctrine what was required for salvation?

Faith and Good works

What were the twin pillars of the Protestant reformation?

1- justification by faith alone

2- the bible

Indulgence

A pardon, that released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins

Importance: Indulgences were not supposed to affect God's right to judge.

What did Martin Luther Advocate?

- Closure of monasteries as faith was the only thing needed for salvation

- Translation of the bible into every language

- An end to priestly authority

How did Martin Luther think we could achieve salvation?

Through Faith alone

What did King Henry VII struggle with?

Having a boy

Predestination?

The belief that God has foreordained all things

What were John Calvins 3 test to assure Salvation?

1- Open profession to faith

2- Decent and Godly life

3- Participate in baptism and Communion sacraments

What was the church structure of Geneva under Calvin?

- Pastors

- Doctors

- Deacons

- Elders

Define the structure of the Geneva Church?

Pastors: preaching the word to their congregation

Doctors: studied and wrote

Deacons: laymen who were chosen to oversee institutions of social services and welfare

Elders: in charge of all moral matters

What did the church do to Copernicus' book on the revolution of the Heavenly spheres?

Banned it

Mathematical principles of natural philosophy?

Isaac Newton's book that explained the universal law of gravitation, and described the combination of the theories of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. Newton was an English mathematician and philosopher; used mathematics to explain the natural sciences and philosophy. Spoke of the 3 laws of motion, which are still taught today. The use of a universal mathematical language to describe the nature of the world around them was a big push in the scientific revolution. Written in Latin, "Mathematica Principia" or "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy".

Law of Universal Gravitation?

all objects in the universe attract each other through gravitational force

What was the enlightenment?

A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries marked by a rejection of traditional cultural and religious ideas and an emphasis on reason and rational analysis

What was Lockes Theory of social contract?

the purpose of government is to protect the peoples natural rights. in exchange for that protection, we agree to give up our lesser freedoms

What marked the beginning of the late medieval enlightenment?

The invasion of England by William the Conqueror

The reign of Henry II saw the production of the 1st what and what did it provide?

Textbook and it provided the basis of common law

Common law?

Unwritten or uncodified law developed through application of customs and precedents

Due process?

Rules and procedures for protecting individuals accused of crimes from arbitrary and excessive abuse of power by the government

Noble representatives=?

modest members, which then equal...

What marked the establishment of the Capet Dynasty?

The election of Hugh Capet as king in 987

What are the 3 estates?

- Clergy

- Nobility

- Towns People

What did Joan of Arc think her favorite saint told her to do?

Free France

Rationality?

Enlightenment thinkers way of analyzing human society

Who did Joan of Arc ensure the coronation of?

Joan of Arc ensured the coronation of King Charles VII of France

What was Joan of Arc found guilty of?

Witchcraft

What weaponed was introduced during the 100 year war?

The cannon

What were the consequences of the 100 year war?

- It led to the establishment of a regular system of taxation in both England and France

-Strengthened existing tendencies in state building in both England and France

Characteristics of a nation-state?

- Independent power

- Coercive power

- Coercive=compel

Refers to a territorial association that claims supremacy over all other associations within its boundaries.

What does coercive power mean?

Is the ability of a manager to force an employee to follow an order by threatening the employee with punishment if the employee does not comply with the order

What were products of reformation ideologies?

Religious wars

What was the 1st battle of the French wars of Religion?

Battle of Derux

What did King Henry IV issue?

Edict of Nantes

What is the Edict of Nantes?

It granted the Huguenots the liberty to conscience and the liberty of public worship. It was effective in 150 different fortified towns. The reign of Henry the Fourth and this document helped France reach absolutism and restored internal peace in France.

Who were the Huguenots?

French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America

What is often called the last of the "Religious Wars"?

The 30 year war

What were the consequences of the 30 year war?

- All German states including Calvinist ones were free to chose their own religion

- The peace of the Westphalia marked the formation of a European system of states determined by formal treaties

Phalanx?

unit of hoplites (men in battle) marching shoulder to shoulder in a rectangular formation

Absolutist Monarchy?

Ruler has total power

What were Intendants?

Centrally appointed officers with extensive powers. There were 120-150 intendants. They were sent to provinces to insure that taxes were fairly levied and promptly collected.

Declaration of rights?

- Parliament read off all of the things James II did

-Reasserted constitutional monarchy

-King could not make laws or levy taxes

-Parliament must be elected freely

Toleration act of 1689?

- Grand Puritans the right of worship

- Did not mean complete religious freedom

- Very few people would persecuted for religion

What was Richelius contribution?

His contributions lie in the fact that his policies helped strengthened monarchal powers

What was the function of the court at Versailles?

- Kings personal house

- Location of central government machinery

What was the conflict between king James and Parliament?

Political: Over the extent and source of royal power. Divine right of king vs Parliament as equal partner of the king

Religious: Over doctrine and practices revolving around the church of England, the kings defense of the church alienated the Puritans

Who were the Puritans?

Those who wanted to purify the church of England from Roman catholicism and its popery.

What was the Petition of Rights?

Prohibited taxes without parliaments consent, arbitrary imprisonment, the quartering of soldiers in private house and declaration of martial law in peacetime

Where do people believe the Chinese civilization organized?

The yellow River

However this is not true because their are multiple birth places of this civilization

They typical Neolithic man was a?

Farmer

What was the 1st historical dynasty in Chinese history?

Shang Dynasty

What were "Dragon Bones"?

Oracle bones, animal bones or turtle shells used for divination purposes

What was Divination?

Techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future. the word divination comes from the same root as the word divinity. this implies that divination has to do with the supernatural. Magic is based on manipulation of perceived connections between things: divination is based on observing these connections

How did the Xia Dyansty come about?

Through interaction of neolithic cultures

Has the Xia dynasties existence been verified?

No and it has not been confirmed either

What was the significance of oral bones?

- Tells about the Shang kings daily activities and interactions

- Inscriptions on the bones help show the origins of Chinese language

- Inscriptions on the bones provide historic confirmation of the Shang Dynasty

Fenfengzhi?

The feudal political and social order of Chinese society during the early Zhou Dynasty which decentralized public authority and responsibility

Mandate of Heaven?

1. The belief that Heaven appoints a ruler to be Emperor, according to the virtue and meritorious behavior of that ruler. A ruler who was wicked and cruel to his subjects could lose the Mandate of Heaven.

2. This idea was developed by the Zhou to justify their overthrow of the Shang dynasty, but proved to be popular throughout Ancient China because it gave a moral explanation to history, and provided an ideal form of government in which even the Emperor was accountable for his actions.

Creative minorities?

Political, religious, and intellectual leaders who helped shape and define their civilizations during the defining moment in World History

Defining characteristic of Confucianism?

Fusion of sociopolitical philosophy and ethic-moral religion

the first monarch to consult systematically with representative bodies in French history

philip the fair

30 year war gave what

gave rise to the extensive use of the musket

declaration of rights

reasserted the fundamental principles of constitutional monarchy as they had developed over the pervious half a century. affirmed the right of parliament, not king to make laws and levy taxes. helped fashion a system of governmentbased on rule of law and freely elected parliament and layer the foundation of a constitutional monarchy

what granted puritan dissenters the right of free public worship

toleration act

Michelangelo

artistic renaissance; not wealthy (born into family of bankers

goddess of love, beauty, and fertility

aphrodite

humanism

form of education and culture based on study of the classics; secular outlook

petrarch

father of the renaissance humanism

philology

study and analysis of ancient texts; one of the most celebrated humanist

lorenzo valla

demonstrated that philology had important practical applications. he was a scholar who proved in 1440 that donation of constantine was a forgery

king henry VII

king of England, left roman catholic church bc pope denied right to deforce wife for not having a boy

elect

people predestined for their salvation

John Calvin

frenchman, bff burned at stake for heresy, published " instates of the christian religion' synthesis of protest and thought ; secured reputation as leader of protestant reformation

reprobate

left to be condemned to damnation

geneva church

organized by calvin

great learning was indispensable for what to reasons

1, its authority in later centuries was unquestioned, and 2 tidily encapsulates a quintessentially confucis

gewu

understanding the underlying powers of the cosmos by studying the rhythms and correspondence of things in nature

xiao "filial piety"

appropriate behavior via ones parents and not only after their death

best known work of sculpture dating back to the helenitic

aphrodiate

significance of the european renaissance

marked the revival of euopeans primary intellectual and artistic traditions that emphasizes secular concerns and human rationality and ability