Taste and Smell (Chapter 6b)

Mitral cells

________:: enter the brain and go directly to the amygdala or take a secondary path and goes into the primary olfactory cortex (skips the thalamus)

heterodimer of T1R1

Umami:: ________ and T1R3 paired w /glutamate- think foods with MSG in them.

VNO

________ (Vomeronasal Organ):: vestigial structure in humans; key driver of hypothalamic activity, organ that responds to the smell of pheromones- very few receptors to perceive hormones because the ________ is virtually empty.

T1R

Sweet:: ________ receptor family, T1R2 and T1R3 pair together in a heterodimer and fuse and cause a metabotropic effect of perception of sweet taste.

Females

________ detect odor better than males- not seen prior to puberty /after menopause; heightened during ovulation.

Entorhinal cortex

________:: shuttles info directly into hippocampus (coding memories in conjunction with the amygdala)

Supertasters

________ avoid bitter /spicy foods unless culture has trained them that spice is integral to diet.

Orbitofrontal cortex

________:: determines pleasant or aversive smells.

Alzheimers

________- early stage prior to diagnosis- frequently report a decreased sense of smell or total lack of smell.

Parosmia

________:: smell in the absence of a stimulus.

Vallate papilla

________:: at the back of the tongue, responds to bitter taste and works with the gag reflex (since bitterness is tied to poison aversion)

sodium

Salty:: opening ________ and chloride channels results in net depolarization.

pheromones

All other animals, sex is determined by ________- not for bonobos or humans.

Taste cells

________ are susceptible to damage /death via temp → we lose around 50 % of our ________ by age 20.

Sour

________:: driven by hydrogen ions in sour foods, results in net depolarization.

Taste perceptions

________ and financial cost- things that are more expensive taste better.

Vallate papilla

at the back of the tongue, responds to bitter taste and works with the gag reflex (since bitterness is tied to poison aversion)

Different proportions of cells associated w/individual taste categories

salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami

Salty

opening sodium and chloride channels results in net depolarization

Sour

driven by hydrogen ions in sour foods, results in net depolarization

Sweet

T1R receptor family, T1R2 and T1R3 pair together in a heterodimer and fuse and cause a metabotropic effect of perception of sweet taste

Info sent to orbital prefrontal cortex

determines whether the taste is good or bad

Taste perceptions and financial cost

things that are more expensive taste better

Mitral cells

enter the brain and go directly to the amygdala or take a secondary path and goes into the primary olfactory cortex (skips the thalamus)

Orbitofrontal cortex

determines pleasant or aversive smells

Amygdala

determines intensity of smell

All other animals, sex is determined by pheromones

not for bonobos or humans

Entorhinal cortex

shuttles info directly into hippocampus (coding memories in conjunction with the amygdala)

Females detect odor better than males

not seen prior to puberty/after menopause; heightened during ovulation

Anosmia

absence of smell

Hyposmia

decreased smell

Dyosmia

distortion of smell

Cacosmia

sense bad/foul smell

Parosmia

smell in the absence of a stimulus