________:: enter the brain and go directly to the amygdala or take a secondary path and goes into the primary olfactory cortex (skips the thalamus)
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heterodimer of T1R1
Umami:: ________ and T1R3 paired w /glutamate- think foods with MSG in them.
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VNO
________ (Vomeronasal Organ):: vestigial structure in humans; key driver of hypothalamic activity, organ that responds to the smell of pheromones- very few receptors to perceive hormones because the ________ is virtually empty.
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T1R
Sweet:: ________ receptor family, T1R2 and T1R3 pair together in a heterodimer and fuse and cause a metabotropic effect of perception of sweet taste.
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Females
________ detect odor better than males- not seen prior to puberty /after menopause; heightened during ovulation.
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Entorhinal cortex
________:: shuttles info directly into hippocampus (coding memories in conjunction with the amygdala)
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Supertasters
________ avoid bitter /spicy foods unless culture has trained them that spice is integral to diet.
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Orbitofrontal cortex
________:: determines pleasant or aversive smells.
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Alzheimers
________- early stage prior to diagnosis- frequently report a decreased sense of smell or total lack of smell.
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Parosmia
________:: smell in the absence of a stimulus.
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Vallate papilla
________:: at the back of the tongue, responds to bitter taste and works with the gag reflex (since bitterness is tied to poison aversion)
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sodium
Salty:: opening ________ and chloride channels results in net depolarization.
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pheromones
All other animals, sex is determined by ________- not for bonobos or humans.
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Taste cells
________ are susceptible to damage /death via temp → we lose around 50 % of our ________ by age 20.
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Sour
________:: driven by hydrogen ions in sour foods, results in net depolarization.
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Taste perceptions
________ and financial cost- things that are more expensive taste better.
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Vallate papilla
at the back of the tongue, responds to bitter taste and works with the gag reflex (since bitterness is tied to poison aversion)
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Different proportions of cells associated w/individual taste categories
salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
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Salty
opening sodium and chloride channels results in net depolarization
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Sour
driven by hydrogen ions in sour foods, results in net depolarization
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Sweet
T1R receptor family, T1R2 and T1R3 pair together in a heterodimer and fuse and cause a metabotropic effect of perception of sweet taste
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Info sent to orbital prefrontal cortex
determines whether the taste is good or bad
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Taste perceptions and financial cost
things that are more expensive taste better
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Mitral cells
enter the brain and go directly to the amygdala or take a secondary path and goes into the primary olfactory cortex (skips the thalamus)
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Orbitofrontal cortex
determines pleasant or aversive smells
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Amygdala
determines intensity of smell
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All other animals, sex is determined by pheromones
not for bonobos or humans
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Entorhinal cortex
shuttles info directly into hippocampus (coding memories in conjunction with the amygdala)
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Females detect odor better than males
not seen prior to puberty/after menopause; heightened during ovulation
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