BIO 114 Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the BIO 114 study guide.

Saturated Lipids

Lipids with all carbon molecules having single bonds; typically animal in origin.

Unsaturated Lipids

Lipids with carbons potentially bonded with double/triple bonds; typically plant in origin.

Denaturation

Breakdown of polypeptide/protein structure, often rendering it non-functional due to heat, light, salt, acid, or base.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle responsible for packaging and deployment, involving vesicle formation (secretory and transitory).

Nucleus

Cell component with a double membrane/nuclear pores, containing genetic material.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Site of protein synthesis.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Site of lipid synthesis.

Ribosomes

The site of protein synthesis, composed of 70% protein and 30% rRNA.

Mitochondrion

Double-membraned organelle that produces energy.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes; function as 'housekeepers'.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that break down peroxides.

Chloroplasts

Double-membraned organelles responsible for photosynthesis

Cytoskeleton

Network of filaments (actin, intermediate, microtubules) providing cell structure.

Centrioles

Cell structures with a 9 triplets microtubule arrangement (+0).

Flagellum

Cell structure with a (9 doublets +2) arrangement, responsible for mobility.

Cilia

Cell structure with a (9 doublets +2) arrangement, responsible for mobility (e.g., paramecium).

Basal Body

Cell structure with a (9+0) arrangement.

Cell Wall

Structure found in plant cells.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Model of the plasma membrane depicting a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Fluid describes the phospholipid bilayer, and Mosaic describes the embedded proteins.

Hydrophilic

Water-loving portion of the plasma membrane.

Hydrophobic

Water-fearing portion of the plasma membrane.

Semi-permeable Membrane

Membrane with selectivity.

Plasma Membrane

Also known as cytomembrane or cytolemma.

Channel Protein

Embedded protein that facilitates transport.

Cell Recognition Protein

Embedded protein involved in histocompatibility.

Carrier Protein

Embedded protein that facilitates transport.

Receptor Protein

Embedded protein that combines with molecules based on shape and size.

Enzyme (ATP synthetase)

Embedded protein functioning as an enzyme

Signal Transduction

Embedded protein involved in signal transduction.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Embedded protein involved with active transport.

Solvent

Liquid that dissolves a solute (e.g., salt).

Solute

Substance (e.g., salt, sugar) that is dissolved by the solvent.

Solution

Homogeneous mixture of solvent and solute.

Isotonic Solution

Solution where the rate of movement across the membrane (solvent or solute) is in equilibrium; no overt change in cell volume.

Hypotonic Solution

Solution with less salt outside the cell, causing the cell to swell and potentially lyse (volume changes).

Hypertonic Solution

Solution with lots of salt outside the cell, causing the cell to release water, shrivel, and potentially die (apoptosis, volume changes).

Active Process

Process that requires energy (ATP), such as the Sodium-Potassium Pump.

Passive Process

Process that does not expend energy: diffusion, facilitated transport, osmosis.

Exocytosis

Process where large molecules are secreted into the external environment via secretory vesicles.

Endocytosis

Process where small ions and molecules, along with liquid, are surrounded by a membrane, forming a vesicle inside the cell.

Pinocytosis

Cellular 'drinking' (form of endocytosis).

Phagocytosis

Cellular 'eating' (form of endocytosis).

Diffusion

Movement across a membrane from high to low concentrations (down a gradient).

Osmosis

Movement of water across a membrane from high water concentration to low water concentration.

Gap Junction

Cell junction that allows the flow of ions.

Anchor/Intermediate Junction

Cell junction involved in tissue formation.

Tight Junction

Cell junction that prevents leakage.

Plasmodesmata

Channels in plant cells.

Catabolism

Break down (digestive processes).

Anabolism

Synthesis

Substrate

Reactant/metabolite that will become a product in an enzymatic reaction.

Enzyme

Protein in structure, nature's catalyst; lock and key theory.

Active Site

Region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and is converted to product.

Competitive Inhibition

Inhibition where a chemical looks like the natural substrate and binds to the active site.

Non-competitive Inhibition

Inhibition where a chemical combines at another site (allo) and changes the enzyme's three-dimensional structure; seen with feedback inhibition.

Coenzyme

Organic molecules that assist enzymes.

Cofactor

Ions and coenzymes that assist enzymes.

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; total energy of universe is constant (law of conservation of energy).

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can transform from one form to another (e.g., light to chemical), but not at 100% efficiency.

Oxidation

Lose electrons (lose H ion).

Reduction

Gain electrons (gain H ion).

Exergonic

Release of energy (-delta G -> spontaneous).

Endergonic

Need energy (+delta G. -> non-spontaneous).

Exothermic

Release heat (-Del H)

Endothermic

Require heat (+Del H, ENTHALPY).

Structure of ATP

Adenine, sugar, and three phosphate groups; provides energy.

Photosynthesis

Fixing carbon: light reactions (PSI: make NADPH, ATP; PSII: make ATP) and dark reactions (Calvin Cycle): fix carbon dioxide ----> make sugar!!!

Covalent Bond

Chemical bond that involves sharing of the valence or outer-shell electrons.

Ionic Bond

Chemical bond involving attraction between positive and negative ions.

Hydrogen Bond

Non-bonding association between H and an electronegative element on a molecule (e.g., water).

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

Non-bonding association where molecule has positive end and a negative end.

Van der Waals Forces

Weaker, non-bonding association.

Dehydration

Removing water to MAKE a bond (anabolic/synthesize larger molecules).

Hydrolysis

Breaking a bond with water (polymer + H2O -> monomers; catabolic ->break down larger molecules).

Carbohydrates

glucose = monomer/monosaccharide ; glycogen (in animals), starch (in plants): polysaccharides (storing energy, structure: think cellulose, chitin)

Lipids

material that does not dissolve in water; fatty acids and glycerol; stored form of energy, also contributes to phospholipids (membrane), cholesterol, steroids (hormones).

Proteins

monomers: 20 amino acids; polymers (four levels of structure: primary: specific amino acid sequence, Secondary: alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, Tertiary: 3-D shape/folding into a functional polypeptide, Quaternary: 2 or more polypeptides in association ) - function: enzyme, support, actin and myosin, antibody

Nucleic Acids

DNA (double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, ATCG) - contain the blueprints to make polypeptides, RNA (single stranded, ribose sugar, AUCG) – mRNA, tRNA (carries an amino acid), rRNA (made in the nucleolus)