Early British North America: Colonization, Native Relations, and Economic Development

Initial goal of the first permanent English settlements in North America

Business enterprises, often ill-prepared for the challenges they faced.

Middle ground in early British North America

Coexistence and fusion of Europeans and Native Americans, where neither side initially had full control.

Jamestown colonists' early method of survival

Assistance from neighboring Native American tribes.

Key to Jamestown's survival

Native American agricultural knowledge, especially maize cultivation.

Effect of tobacco cultivation in Virginia

First profitable crop; required expansion and increased demand for land and labor.

Goal of the Headright System (1618)

Attract settlers by granting land to those who paid passage.

Significance of '20 and odd Negroes' (1619)

First recorded Africans in English America; labor status shifted toward lifelong servitude.

Lesson of the Powhatan Uprising (1622)

English colonists retaliated mercilessly against resisting Native Americans.

Reason Maryland was established

Real estate venture and refuge for English Catholics.

Reason for Maryland's Toleration Act (1649)

Protestants outnumbered Catholics, forcing pragmatic toleration.

Cause of political contention in Virginia (mid-1600s)

Population growth pushed settlers into Indian lands, sparking border conflicts.

Social tensions behind Bacon's Rebellion

Grievances of landless former indentured servants and western landowners vs. Governor Berkeley's elite rule.

Long-term effect of Bacon's Rebellion

Shift from indentured servitude to reliance on African slave labor.

Reason Separatists left Holland for America

Dutch tolerance threatened their vision of a close-knit Christian community.

Importance of the Mayflower Compact

Created civil government since they landed outside London Company's authority.

Why Pilgrims' relations with Natives differed from Virginia

Local tribes weakened by epidemics, making them more willing to assist.

Massachusetts Bay Colony exception

Not committed to broad religious freedom (excluded dissenters).

Why Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson were banished

They challenged Puritan religious and political authority.

Cause of New England expansion to Connecticut & Rhode Island

Religious and political dissent; search for autonomy and alternative governance.

Similarity of Pequot War & King Philip's War

Showed English brutality; heavy Native casualties and subjugation.

Impact of English Civil War & Protectorate on colonies

Slowed colonial ventures but spurred migration to colonies like Virginia.

Restoration Colonies difference

Proprietary ventures granted to individuals/groups for profit and power.

Reason for English takeover of New Netherland (1664)

Remove Dutch 'wedge' between colonies and curb smuggling.

Uniqueness of Pennsylvania

Peaceful relations with Native Americans; religious toleration for all faiths (even Jews).

Caribbean economy vs. mainland

Based on large-scale sugar cultivation requiring enslaved African labor.

Spanish colonies in Southwest vs. English colonies

Focused on converting and enlisting Natives as workers/trading partners instead of displacing them.

Founding purpose of Georgia

Military buffer against Spanish Florida and refuge for English debtors.