Diacritics & Phonological Processes

Nasalized (hypernasality)

Sound is produced with nasal resonance, “talking through your nose”

“Mean” —> [mĩn] (add ~ above phoneme that is nasalized)

Nasal Emission

When air escape through the nasal cavity

Nice —> nais͋ (put squiggle with two dots above)

Denasality (hyponasality )

Nasal phonemes are produced without nasalization (nasal passage is blocked like you have a cold)

Rounded Vowels

Say sweet, but keep your lips ROUNDED from the /w/

/swi̹t/ (backward “c” under phoneme)

Unrounded Vowels

Say “hue” but UNROUND “u” from /h/

/hu̜/ (forward “c” under phoneme)

Labialization

/u/ /ʊ/ /w/ —> may cause labialization

If a normally unrounded consonant-for example, a normally unrounded [s]-is produced with lip rounding, this is referred to as labializing the sound in question.

/kʷwIk/ (use a “w'“ next to the phoneme, indicating the rounding)

Dentalized (frontal lisp)

This term refers to an articulatory variation in which the tongue approaches the upper incisors.

Sue /s̪u/ NOT θu (half square under the dentalized phoneme)

Lateralized (lateral lisp)

/s/ and /z/ sound slushy

Zoo /z̯u/ (small half circle under /z/)

Derhotacized

Not quite an ‘r’ and not quite a ‘w’, “lazy r"‘

/͜ɹ ɛ d/ (half circle under the r losing)
/͜ɹ æbIt/

*mainer accent “lobstah”

Breathy

“air wastage'“, h-like noise

/pl ei̤ n/→ plane (two little dots under the breathy vowel)

Whistled

Sounds like a hiss noise

Happens mostly to fricatives

*arrow under whistled fricative

Palatalization

Articulators approach the palate for nonpalatized sounds

• s and z more like “sh”

sʲue sounds like “shue”

Syllables

peak - most prominent, acoustically most intense part of the syllable

onset - all segments prior to the peak (typically a vowel)

coda - all sound segments following peak

rime - nucleus and coda

Open (unchecked) vs closed (checked) syllables

Open — do not contain codas (usually ends in a vowel)

Closed — contains codas (usually end in a consonant)

Syllable clinical significance

• Children tend to use open syllables for their first words

• Two syllable words tend to consist of two open syllables

  • Young chlidren may have restrictions on their syllable shapes

Phonotactic Assessment

• The number of syllables a child uses

• Whether the child uses a vowel as a nucleus of the syllable

• the demonstration of both open and closed syllables

  • the use of consonant clusters

Length of word influence accuracy of speech

• shorter words are easier for children

  • As words get longer, children tend to omit the unstressed syllables

Stress

As words get longer, children tend to omit the unstressed

Ease of syllable produced

Affected by:

• The number of syllables in an utterance

• The type of syllable (open vs closed)

• Syllable stress

• Optional: number of consonants grouped together

Syllable Structure Processes

Syllable Structure

• Reduplication

• Weak syllable deletion

• Final consonant deletion

• Cluster reduction

• Epenthesis

Assimilation Patterns

Assimilation Patterns

• Labial assimilation

• Velar assimilation

• Nasal assimilation

• Liquid assimilation

Substitution Processes

Place of Articulation

• Fronting

• Labialization

• Alveolarization

Manner

• Stopping

• Deaffrication

• Gliding

• Vowelization

• Derhotacization

Voicing

• Voicing

• Devoicing

Reduplication

The second syllable becomes a repetition of the first

• water —> wawa

Weak Syllable Deletion

An unstressed syllable is omitted

• Banana —> nana

Final Consonant Deletion

A syllable arresting consonant (coda), or the final consonant is deleted

• Head —> he

Cluster Reduction

The articulatory simplification of consonant clusters into a single consonant

• Spoon —> poon

Epenthesis

Epenthesis is the insertion of a phoneme or syllable into a word

• Blue —> ba-lue

Labial Assimilation

The change of a nonlabial sound into a labial sound under the influence of a neighboring labial sound

• Swing —> fwing

Velar Assimilation

The change of a nonvelar sound into a velar sound under the influence of a neighboring velar sound

• Dog —> gog

Nasal Assimilation

The influence of a nasal on a non-nasal sound

• Bunny —> nuni

Liquid Assimilation

The influence of a liquid on a non-liquid sound

• Yellow —> lello

Fronting

Sound substitutions in which the place of articulation is more anterior located than the intended sound

• Key —> ti

• Shoe —> su

Labialization

The replacement of a nonlabial sound for a labial one

• Thumb —> fum

Alveolarization

The change of nonalveolar sounds, mostly interdental and labiodental sounds into alveolar ones

• Thumb —> sum

Stopping

The substitution of stops for fricatives or the omission of the fricative portion of affricates

• Sun —> tun

Deaffication

The production of affricates as fricatives

• cheese —> sheez

Gliding

The replacement of liquids or fricatives by glides

• Red —> wed

Vowelization

The replacement of syllabic liquids and nasals foremost l, er, and n by vowels

• Table —> teibo

Derhotacization

The loss of r-coloring in central vowels with r coloring

• Bird —> bed

Voicing

Replacement of a voiceless sound by a voiced sound

• two —> du

Devoicing

The replacement of a voiced sound by a voiceless sound

• Beet —> bit