Exam 3 Open Ended

Explain Recombinant DNA Technology

Combining DNA from multiple sources to create a recombination DNA molecule

1st step in Recombination DNA

Isolate gene of interest using PCR

2nd step in Recombination DNA

Insert gene into vector

3rd step in Recombination DNA

Introduce vector into cell

4th step in Recombination DNA

Select cells containing recombinant DNA

5th step in Recombination DNA

Express gene to produce protein

1st step in Virus Life Cycle

Attachment (absorption) to host cell

2nd step in Virus Life Cycle

Penetration (injection)

3rd step in Virus Life Cycle

Synthesis of virion nucleic acids & proteins

4th step in Virus Life Cycle

Assembly of capsids & packaging of viral genome of virions

5th step in Virus Life Cycle

Release of virions - lysis / budding

Viruses & Viroids

Nucleic acid core surrounded by protein coat (capsid)

Viruses & Viroids

Can be DNA / RNA genetic material

Viruses & Viroids

20 nm - 450 nm

Viruses & Viroids

Capsids made of protein subunits called capsomers

Viruses & Viroids

Targets becteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, & animals

Prions

Misfolded proteins only, lack genetic material

Prions

No RNA / DNA

Prions

Way smaller than virions, single protein chain

Prions

No capsid

Prions

Mainly animal pathogens

LUCA

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Physiology of Luca → Conserved genes

Transcription (RNA Polymerase)

Physiology of Luca → Conserved genes

Translation (genetic code)

Physiology of Luca → Conserved genes

Chemo-autotrophy

Physiology of Luca → Conserved genes

Anaerobisis (enzymes O2 sensitive) - early earth had no O2

Physiology of Luca → Conserved genes

ATP Synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation - electrochemical gradient

Endosymbiotic origin of Eukaryotes - What does it propose?

Eukaryotic cells get their origin from mitochondria & eukaryotes

Endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotes - What lines of evidence support this theory?

Eukaryotic DNA is linear; Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own circular DNA - matching that of prokaryotes

Endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotes - What lines of evidence support this theory?

Eukaryotic DNA is wrapped around histones; Mitochondria and Chloroplasts lack histones, resembling prokaryotes/bacteria

Endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotes - What lines of evidence support this theory?

Eukaryotic uses mitosis; Mitochondria and Chloroplasts use binary fission, just like Prokaryotes