Exam Four - Renal, Digestive, and Reproductive

Net glomerular filtration

Net GF = Ph - pi - Pfluid

Net absorption sign

negative

Net filtration sign

positive

Acidosis

blood pH too low/too acidic > not breathing enough, high blood CO2

Conditions causing acidosis

hypoventilation, COPD, asthma, pneumonia

Alkalosis

blood pH too high/too basic > breathing too fast and/or too deeply, low blood CO2

Conditions causing alkalosis

hyperventilation

Enzyme that breaks down peptides in the stomach

pepsin and HCl

Pepsin

breaks down and digests peptides

HCl

secreted by the stomach to denature proteins and activates pepsin

enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth

salivary amylase

enzyme that breaks down peptides in the small intestine

trypsin

Trypsin

catalyzes the hydrolysis of polypeptide bonds

ECL cells

(in stomach) release histamine which binds to H2 receptors on nearby parietal cells triggering the release gastric acid

Parietal cells

release HCl and intrinsic factor

Intrinsic Factor

 essential for binding and absorbing vitamin b12

Chief cells

secrete pepsinogen

D-cells

secrete somatostatin to inhibit G cells, ECL cells, and Parietal cells

G-cells

secrete gastrin (hormone) which stimulates ECL cells

Mucous Neck cells

secrete mucous and bicarbonate to create a thick, neutralizing barrier that coats the stomach wall, protecting the lining

Order of basic stomach mechanisms

G-cells > ECL cells > Parietal cells

what hormone stimulates the gall bladder to secrete bile

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

the two things that stimulate the release of insulin after eating

GIP and GLP-1

Primary spermatocytes (2n)

develop from sperm stem cells, have 46 chromosomes but each one consists of two sister chromatids

Secondary spermatocytes (n)

products of meiosis 1, contain 23 chromosomes that are sister chromatids

which cells convert cholesterol to testosterone under the influence of LH

leydig cells

what hormone controls ejaculation

oxytocin

Granulosa cells

(in ovaries) convert androgens to estrogen under the influence of FSH

what hormone spikes just prior to ovulation

Luteinizing Hormone

which hormone is released by the corpus luteum, but decreases if no pregnancy occurs

Progesterone