AP Human Geography Full Review Flashcards

Agglomeration

Grouping of firms in one area for shared resources.

Break-bulk point

Location where large shipments are divided for local markets.

Agglomeration

Grouping of firms in one area for shared resources.

Break-bulk point

Location where large shipments are divided for local markets.

Brick-and-mortar businesses

Traditional businesses with physical stores.

Bulk-gaining industries

Industries where products weigh more after assembly.

Bulk-reducing industries

Industries where final products weigh less than parts.

Commodity dependence

Reliance on raw material exports affecting trade balance.

Core

Regions with concentrated economic power and innovation.

Core-Periphery Model

Development model with core-dependent underdeveloped regions.

Cottage industry

Home-based production of goods and services.

Deglomeration

Dispersal of an industry from an agglomeration.

Deindustrialization

Decline of industrial activity in a region.

E-commerce

Online economic activities.

Ecotourism

Tourism focused on nature and sustainability.

Export-processing zone

Areas in developing countries that offer incentives and a barrier-free environment to promote export-oriented production

Footloose firms

Manufacturing activities in which cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for determining the location of the firm.

Fordism

Mass production system credited to Henry Ford.

Free Trade Zone

Area with relaxed trade restrictions.

Gender equity

Comparison of opportunities for men and women.

Globalization

Increasing global interconnectedness.

Gross domestic product

Total value of goods and services produced in a country.

Gross National Product

Total value of all goods and services produced by a country.

Human Development Index

Measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide.

Industrial Revolution

Development of industry that started in Great Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, was brought about by the introduction of machinery and technology

Least-Cost Theory

Optimal location concept by Alfred Weber.

Least/Lesser-developed countries

Nations with low productivity and living standards.

Maquiladoras

US factories in Mexico assembling goods for export.

Microlending

Small loans to promote small business development.

Nonrenewable resources

Resources like fossil fuels not replenishing quickly.

Offshore financial centers

Areas promoting banking and finance transactions.

Outsourcing

Process of moving industrial production or service industries to external facilities or organizations often out of the country.

Periphery

A less-developed, economically poor country.

Primary economic activities

Activities involving natural resource extraction.

Productivity

Measure of goods and services produced in a country.

Purchasing-power parity

Monetary measure considering buying power in countries.

Quaternary economic activities

Activities related to the generation of knowledge and the sharing of research.

Quinary economic activities

Involves the decision-making and policy-making that drives the other sectors of the economy.

Renewable resources

Resources produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans.

Rostow's Stages of Development

Model describing the 5 economic steps that countries take to be fully developed.

Secondary economic activities

Activities processing raw materials.

Semiperiphery

Newly industrialized countries with median living standards.

Service-based economies

Economies focused on providing services such as research, marketing, telecommunications, innovation, teaching...

Special Economic Zones

Designated areas in a country with special economic regulations more favorable than the regulations that apply in the rest of the country

Specialty goods

Individually assembled or limited quantity goods.

Sustainable development

Using natural resources in ways that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Tertiary economic activities

Economic activities that professionals such as teachers & professors, lawyers, medical officers, clerical and personnel services.

Transnational corporation

Firm operating in at least two countries.

World cities

Cities with global financial and commercial dominance (e.g. New York City, London, and Tokyo, Paris, Hong Kong, and Singapore).

World-Systems Theory

Theory explaining core-periphery-semiperiphery connections.

Threshold

Population size needed for service provision to be economically feasible

Range

Average maximum distance people travel to buy goods/services

Central place theory

Explains town/city size based on shopping behavior

Situation

Relative location of a place

Site

Physical character/absolute location of a place

Hinterlands

Outlying towns relying on central city for goods/services

Sector model

Urban land use description with wedge-shaped sectors

Latin America city model

Model showing CBD, elite residential sector, concentric zones

Rank size rule

Population inversely proportional to city rank in hierarchy

Primate city

Large, dominant city expressing national culture

Edge cities

Nodal retail/office concentrations on metropolitan fringes

Gentrification

Higher-income households moving to working-class neighborhoods

Multinational corporations

Businesses operating in multiple countries

Gravity model

Predicts place interaction based on population, distance

Semiperiphery

Newly industrialized countries with median living standards

Periphery

Countries with low living standards, industrial productivity

Bid-rent curve

Land value at varying distances from city center

Light-rail systems

Street-level rail public transportation with separate right-of-way

Megacity

City/metropolitan area with over 10 million people

Suburb

Urban area surrounding and connected to central city

Suburbanization

City growth outside urban area

New Urbanism

Planning based on walkable blocks, mixed land use

Postindustrial economy

Shift from manufacturing to services, information, research

Solar panel farms

Large-scale solar installations harvesting solar power

Squatter settlements/Shanty towns

Residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants.

Transit-oriented development

Urban development maximizing public transport proximity

Quantitative data

Statements based on observations, interviews, evaluations, e.g. U.S. Census.

Quality of life

Measure of well-being based on literacy, mortality, life expectancy (HDI)

Southeast Asian city model

Focal point at old colonial port zone with commercial district

Multiple nuclei model

City with multiple regional economic/residential centers

Galactic city model

City growth independent of central business district

Local ordinances

Laws governing property use based on location in a city

Smart-growth urban planning

Sustainable urban design avoiding sprawl

Mixed-use land development

Combines residential, commercial, cultural functions

World cities

Dominant cities in global political economy, e.g. New York, London, Paris.

World urban hierarchy

Ranking world settlements by size, economic functions

Favelas

Slums within or on outskirts of large cities in Brazil

Qualitative date

Descriptive information, usually in the form of text

Metacity

City/metropolitan area with over 20 million people

Megalopolis

Chain of contiguous cities and surrounding regions, e.g. Boswash.

Slash and Burn

Traditional farming method of cutting and burning vegetation to clear land

Intensive farming

High-input agriculture with high labor and capital per unit area

Intercropping

Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field

Inter-tillage

Cultivating between rows of a crop to reduce soil erosion

Bid-rent theory (agriculture)

Economic theory explaining the price gradient for land based on its distance from the market

Shifting Cultivation

Traditional farming system where land is cultivated temporarily, then abandoned and allowed to revert to its natural state

Nomadic Herding

Raising livestock while moving in search of forage and water

Mediterranean Agriculture

Agriculture practiced in regions with a Mediterranean climate, characterized by vineyards and olive groves

Desertification

Process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically due to drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture

Irrigation - negative impact

Adverse effects of irrigation such as salinization, waterlogging, and depletion of natural water sources

Subsistence Agriculture

Self-sufficient farming for survival without surplus for sale

Deforestation

Clearing of forests for agriculture, logging, or urban development