Bio 101 Chapter 1: The Scientific study of Life

  Name the 5 characteristics that define life (these are the unifying themes) and describe each one. 

Organization, information, energy and matter, interactions, evolution

Levels of organization: population

Localized group of organisms

How are living things organized

•Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Levels of organization: community

populations of different species living in the same area

Levels of organization: Ecosystem

communities and interactions with nonliving features

Levels of organization: Biosphere

All of earths ecosystems

Lifes process involve the expression and transmission of genetic information meaning…

•Within cells are Chromosomes that contain genetic material in the form of DNA

•DNA contain many genes (a section on a gene on a chromosome)

•These genes are passed from parents to offspring

DNA stores information

What is basic unit of life

cell

what are the 2 major kinds of cells

prokaryotic, eukaryotic

Prokaryotic

No membrane bound nucleus

eukaryotic

membrane-bound nucleus

What is the cell theory

•Formed by Schleiden and Schwann (Germans)

•States:  all living things consist of cells and all cells come from other cells

what does life need?

Nutrients for building blocks and energy

What do cells use nutrients for chemical reactions

Metabolism

Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life

sun

All organisims maintain a stable internal environment

homeostasis

Living things interact with environment

•They interact and respond to living and nonliving entities

•This interaction is usually by movement and is often called behavior

Evolution, the core theme in biology includes

Adaptation and natural selection

Adaptation-

process by which organisms become modified over time

energy

the capacity to do work or cause change, all living things require (blank) to grow

define photosynthesis

Is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight, CO2, and water into glucose and oxygen

define genes

are segments of DNA that contain instructions for building proteins, determine traits and are passed from parents to offspring

define species

a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. They’re the basic unit of biological classification and evolution

What is evolution

blank is one mechanism of evolution which is a change in the genetic makeup of a population over multiple generations

What is adaptation

It is an inherited characteristic or behavior that enables an organism to survive and reproduces successfully in its environment

What is DNA

The molecule that carries genetic information— the instructions for building and maintaining life

What are producers(autotrophs)

Make their own food by extracting energy and nutrients from nonliving sources (plants and microbes capturing light energy from sun)

consumers(heterophs)

in contrast, obtain energy and nutrients by eating other organisms , living or dead.

ex) You are a consumer relying on energy and atoms from food to stay alive

Decomposers (heterotrophs)

heterotrophs that absorb energy and nutrients from wastes or dead organisms.

Ex) These organisms, which include fungi and some bacteria, recycle nutrients to the nonliving environment

What is taxonomy

is the science of naming and classifying organisms

What are the 3 domains and within eukarya

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya all are prokaryotes

What does Eukarya domain

contains all species of eukaryotes, which are unicellular or multicellular organisms who’s cells contain a nucleus

What are the 3 domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

kingdom Protista

paramecium, paramecium, contains a huge collection of unrelated species.

Kingdom plantae

black eyed Susan, rudbeckia, plants

kingdom fungi

mushrooms

Kingdom animalia

humans, animals, snails

What is the scientific method

a general way of using evidence to answer questions and test ideas

Scientific method steps

-Observations

-Ask critical questions

-develop a hypothesis

-perform controlled experiments

-interpret results and draw conclusions

What is a theory

an explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis , generates new hypotheses and is supported by a large body of evidence.

Why do you need a control group in your experiment

it provides a basis for comparison in measuring the effect of the independent variable.

sample size

which is the number of individuals assigned to each treatment ( or to a control group)

Independent variable

The factor that an investigator directly manipulates to determine whether it causes another variable to change

dependent variable

is any response that might depend on the value of the independent variable, such as the number of children with rotavirus-related illness during the study period.

Standardized or control variable

is anything that the investigator holds constant for all subjects in the experiment, ensuring the best chance of detecting the effect of the independent variable

Organism

An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems

Organ

composed of a number of tissues and organized for a particular task

Tissue

a group of cells with a common structure and function

What are the four kingdomws withing Eukarya

kingdoms:

Protista, plantae, fungi, animalia