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The European great powers welcomed a civil war in the United States for all of the following reasons except

a divided America would likely put a halt to European immigration.

President Lincoln's decision on what to do about the situation at Fort Sumter in the first weeks of his administration can best be characterized as

a middle of the road solution.

Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter when it was learned that

Lincoln had ordered supplies sent to the fort.

In 1861, many Northerners were willing to allow Southern states to leave the Union until

the South attacked Fort Sumter.

In order to persuade the Border States to remain in the Union, President Lincoln

used legally dubious methods.

The Border States offered all of the following advantages except

shipbuilding facilities.

Lincoln's declaration that the North sought to preserve the Union with or without slavery

revealed the influence of the Border States on his policies.

Lincoln declared from the outset of the Civil War that

he was not fighting to free the blacks.

During the Civil War, most of the Five Civilized Tribes in the Indian Territory of present-day Oklahoma

supported the Confederacy.

The Cherokees' decision on whether to side with the North or South during the Civil War was based on

the fact that the tribe also owned slaves.

In return for support from the Plains Indians during the Civil War, the Union

waged war on them and herded them onto reservations.

To achieve its independence, the Confederacy had to

fight the invading Union army to a draw.

As the Civil War began, the South seemed to have the advantage of

more talented military leaders.

The North's greatest strength in the Civil War was

its economy.

The South believed that the British would come to its aid because

Britain was dependent on Southern cotton.

King Cotton failed the South as a tool of wartime diplomacy for all of the following reasons except

the British refused to buy cotton from the Confederacy.

During the Civil War, Britain and the United States were nearly provoked into war by

the Trent affair, involving the removal of Southern diplomats from a British ship.

During the Civil War, diplomacy for the Union and the Confederacy was most affected by

the actions of the British and French governments.

Napoleon III's attempt to install Maximilian on the Mexican throne was a clear violation of

the Monroe Doctrine.

The Confederacy enlisted slaves into their army

a month before the war ended.

The Union's blockade of Southern ports was

initially leaky but eventually effective.

The Union's most effective economic tool in the Civil War was

its naval blockade.

The Union's victory at Antietam allowed President Lincoln to

issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

The Emancipation Proclamation had the effect of

strengthening the moral cause and diplomatic position of the Union.

The Battle of Gettysburg was significant because

it was the last major Confederate attempt to invade the North.

General William T. Sherman's strategy of total war was aimed at

destroying the South's will to fight.

The Union's capture of Vicksburg was strategically important because

it gave the Union control of the Mississippi River.

The assassination of President Lincoln

was a calamity for the South.

The Freedmen's Bureau was established to

provide food, education, and assistance to former slaves.

The Black Codes passed by many of the Southern states

aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force under white control.

The Fourteenth Amendment

granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to former slaves.

The Fifteenth Amendment

granted African American men the right to vote.

The primary purpose of the Ku Klux Klan was to

intimidate African Americans and prevent them from exercising their rights.

The Tenure of Office Act was passed to

restrict the power of the President to remove certain officeholders without the Senate's approval.

President Andrew Johnson was impeached because

he violated the Tenure of Office Act.

The outcome of President Johnson's impeachment trial was

he was acquitted by one vote.

The Reconstruction Act of 1867

divided the South into military districts and required states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the end of Reconstruction.

Sharecropping and tenant farming

often resulted in a cycle of debt and poverty for African Americans.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875

prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodations.

The Supreme Court's decision in the Slaughterhouse Cases

narrowed the interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Cruikshank

weakened federal enforcement of civil rights protections.

The Supreme Court's decision in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883

declared the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional.

The "Redeemers" were

Southern Democrats who aimed to restore white supremacy.

The "New South" ideology promoted

industrialization and economic diversification in the South.

The "Lost Cause" narrative

romanticized the Confederate cause and portrayed the South as noble and heroic.

The term "carpetbagger" referred to

Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction for political or economic gain.

The term "scalawag" referred to

Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party.

The Enforcement Acts were designed to

protect African Americans' rights and suppress the Ku Klux Klan.

The Panic of 1873

led to economic depression and weakened support for Reconstruction.

The Civil Rights Act of 1866

was the first federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law.

The Wade-Davis Bill

proposed stricter requirements for Southern states' readmission to the Union.

President Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction was

lenient and aimed at quickly restoring the Union.

President Johnson's plan for Reconstruction

was lenient and allowed many former Confederates to regain power.

Radical Republicans in Congress

advocated for full citizenship and equal rights for African Americans.

Thaddeus Stevens was

a leading Radical Republican who championed civil rights for African Americans.

Charles Sumner was

a Radical Republican senator who advocated for equal rights and harsh Reconstruction policies.

The term "Radical Reconstruction" refers to

the period when Congress took control of Reconstruction and implemented more stringent policies.

The Civil Rights Act of 1875

was the last major piece of Reconstruction legislation.

The legacy of Reconstruction includes

the passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.