Alexander III 1881-94

What could land captains do and when were they created?

Created 1889, could override elections and were responsible for law enforcement

What year was the Act to reduce the peasants vote in the zemstva?

1890

When was the Okhrana set up?

1881

What were two changes in Alexander II liberal judicial reforms?

1) 1885 minister of justice given more power and control 2) Power to hold closed court sessions

What were three changes to Alexander II education reforms?

1) staff appointments made subject to religious moral and patriotic orientation 2) Universities closed to all women 3)students forbidden to gather in groups of more than five

What percentage of the population were literate and by what year?

1897 only 21% literate

What changes did he make to censorship?

1) 1882 ‘temporary regulations’ allowed newspapers to be closed down and banned for life 2) all publications had to be officially approved

What two positive changes did Alexander III make?

1) 1881 reduced the redemption payment fees 2) created a peasants land bank in 1883

What changes did he make to Finland?

1) 1892 reorganised the Finnish parliament 2) abolished the independent postal service 3) Replaced currency with Russian coinage 4) demanded the use of the Russian language

What changes did he make to Poland?

1) 1885 closed national bank 2) all subjects had to be taught in Russian

What changes did he introduce in Ukraine?

1) 1883 further limited use of Ukrainian language 2) all theatres closed

From what year and what were members not of the Orthodox Church not allowed to do?

From 1883 cannot 1) build new places of worship 2) wear religious dress 3) spread religious propaganda

How many cases of mass disturbances were a result of Russification?

332 - military deployed on 51

When did the Jewish pogroms start?

April 1881

What is an examples of anti-Jewish legislation?

1) 1892 banned from local elections

How many Jews expelled from Moscow between specific time?

1891-92 10,000

What was Plekhanov’s oppositon group and when was it established?

1883 Emancipation Labour

What tariff did Vyshnegradsky place on raw materials?

30%

Between what years did grain export increase and by how much?

1881-89 18%

What did Vysnhegradsky say?

“We ourselves shall not eat, but we shall export”

When was the great famine?

1891-92

By what year was foreign investment at how many roubles?

1895 - 250 million roubles

By what year was a Russia the fourth largest industrial economy?

1897

What was Russia’s grain production compared to Britain’s?

45 puds per destain compared to 146

How many nobles were employed in commerce, transport or industry?

2500

How many were part of the middle class in 1897?

1897 - half a million

What percentage were the urban of working class?

2%

What year were there reforms to improve working conditions?

1882

How many strikes per year was there?

33 strikes 1886-94

What fraction of former serfs in the Tambov region were unable to feed themselves without falling into debt?

2/3

What was the average life expectancy for men and women?

27 -men 29 - women (45 in England)

What percentage of the population was part of the Orthodox Church?

70%

How many pagans were converted to orthodoxy?

50,000