Chapter 11 : Water and Major Minerals (Smartbook)

Humans are able to make some water and to obtain it from which of the following types of foods? (Select all that apply)

Vegetables

Vegetable oils

Fruits

Vegetables

Fruits

Depending on a person's unique body composition roughly what percentage of body weight is contributed by water?

25-50%

50-75%

75-100%

10-25%

50-75%

Which of the following is not a function of water within the body?

Bodily fluids serve as the basis for saliva, bile, and amniotic fluid.

Bodily fluids serve as the basis for excretion of waste products from the body.

Bodily fluids provide a source of energy to the body.

Bodily fluids help lubricate body tissues.

Bodily fluids provide a source of energy to the body.

Diffusion ______ when the concentrations of the material on either side of the plasma membrane are equal.

decreases slowly

increases

stops

stops

Mineral elements that have electrical charges that help maintain fluid balance in the body are called: (Select all that apply)

protons.

electrolytes.

electrons.

ions.

electrolytes.

ions.

How long can a human survive without water?

5 days

A few days

Up to 30 days

At least 8-20 days

A few days

Which type of tissue contains more water?

Lean muscle

Bone

Fat tissue

Lean muscle

Which of the following are functions of water? (Select all that apply)

Transports nutrients

Is a major solvent

Provides energy

Regulates body temperature

Transports nutrients

Is a major solvent

Regulates body temperature

Choose the statements about water that are true. (Select all that apply)

Total water intake requirements vary widely.

Dietary choices and physical activity influence water requirements.

Total water needs are the same for men and women.

Water needs vary based on environmental temperatures, age, and health conditions.

Total water intake requirements vary widely.

Dietary choices and physical activity influence water requirements.

Water needs vary based on environmental temperatures, age, and health conditions.

Water moves from a region that is ______ to a region that has more material dissolved in it.

dilute

concentrated

dilute

The body maintains fluid balance by controlling the concentrations of ______ in each compartment.

ions

The term that describes the body's water status is called ______.

hydration

Water aids in the removal of waste products from the body:

only when kidneys aren't functioning properly.

but only minimally.

through the production of urine.

through the production of urine.

Recommendations for total ______ intake vary widely because factors such as environmental temperatures, health conditions, physical activities, and dietary choices influence individual requirements.

water

iron

protein

calcium

water

Match the fluid intake with its outcome.

(More urine is produced and eliminated, Small amounts of urine are produced, Fluid balance is maintained)

Fluid take is adequate <--> ______

Fluid take is greater than needed <--> ______

Fluid take is limited <--> ______

Fluid take is adequate <--> Fluid balance is maintained

Fluid take is greater than needed <--> More urine is produced and eliminated

Fluid take is limited <--> Small amounts of urine are produced

The state that describes body water depletion is called ______.

dehydration

hydration

intoxication

dehydration

Calcium, sodium and potassium are examples of ______ minerals.

minor

trace

major

ultratrace

major

When the kidneys remove ions, such as sodium, ______ follows and becomes the main component of urine.

water

Because minerals are water soluble:

they can leach into cooking water.

they can be destroyed by water.

they can be destroyed by heat.

they can leach into cooking water.

The simplest ways to determine hydration status are observing urine: (select all that apply)

taste.

volume.

color.

smell.

volume.

color.

Iron plays an integral role in ______.

transmission of nerve impulses

fluid balance

blood clotting

formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells

formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells

The degree to which an ingested nutrient such as a mineral is absorbed and available to the body is called its ______.

biocompatibility

bioavailability

biodiversity

bioabsorption

bioavailability

Which MyPlate food group DOES NOT contribute minerals to the diet?

Vegetables and fruits

Protein

Grains

Dairy

All MyPlate food groups contribute minerals to the diet

All MyPlate food groups contribute minerals to the diet

The adult RDA for calcium is 1000 to 1200 mg/day. Since this is greater than 100 mg, calcium is classified as a(n) ______ mineral.

major

Heating a food or exposing it to most other environmental conditions does not affect the food's mineral content.

True

False

True

Overall, minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants because binders such as ______ are not present to hinder absorption. (Select all that apply)

vitamin C

phytic acid

oxalic acid

protein

phytic acid

oxalic acid

Which of the following minerals participate in nerve transmission? (Select all that apply)

Phosphorus

Potassium

Sodium

Calcium

Potassium

Sodium

Calcium

The body's ability to absorb and use minerals is called ______.

bioavailability

Taking single high-dose supplements of iron can be dangerous and is often unnecessary.

True

False

True

Which of the MyPlate groups contributes minerals to the diet? (Select all that apply)

Water

Fats and oils

Proteins

Dairy

Fruits

Grains

Vegetables

Proteins

Dairy

Fruits

Grains

Vegetables

The human body has higher concentrations of calcium and phosphorus than other minerals. These are categorized as ______ minerals.

nonessential

major

trace

major

Animal foods tend to be a more reliable source of minerals because they have ______.

a lower concentration of minerals

binders that aid in absorption

binders that limit absorption

a higher concentration of minerals

a higher concentration of minerals

Calcium is the most abundant mineral stored in the body. The second most abundant mineral stored in the body is ______. Both are predominantly stored in the bones.

phosphorus

Match the mineral with its major deficiency sign and symptom.

(Increased risk of osteoporosis and increased risk of hypertension, Muscle cramps, Irregular heartbeat and muscle cramps)

Calcium <--> ______

Sodium <--> ______

Potassium <--> ______

Calcium <--> Increased risk of osteoporosis and increased risk of hypertension

Sodium <--> Muscle cramps

Potassium <--> Irregular heartbeat and muscle cramps

Taking single mineral supplements is not recommended because an excess of one mineral can: (Select all that apply)

interfere with the absorption of another mineral.

interfere with the metabolism of another mineral.

destroy another mineral.

increase the absorption of another mineral.

interfere with the absorption of another mineral.

interfere with the metabolism of another mineral.

Each of the MyPlate food groups contributes minerals to the diet.

True

False

True

The major mineral that is needed to form bones and teeth, and for muscle contraction, blood clot formation, nerve impulse transmission, and cell metabolism is ______.

calcium

Major minerals are called major because: (Select all that apply)

they are needed in greater dietary amounts.

they are synthesized the body in larger amounts.

they are stored in the body in larger quantities.

they have a more important role in the body.

they are needed in greater dietary amounts.

they are stored in the body in larger quantities.

The most abundant mineral stored in the human body is ______.

iron

phosphorus

calcium

sodium

calcium

Most of the calcium in American diets comes from: (Select all that apply)

cheese.

grains and cereals.

fluid milk.

yogurt.

cheese.

fluid milk.

yogurt.

A calcium deficiency can put a person at an increased risk for: (Select all that apply)

hypertension.

muscle cramps.

osteoporosis.

irregular heartbeat.

hypertension.

osteoporosis.

Some of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is ______.

not bioavailable

easily absorbed

easily excreted

not bioavailable

Roles for calcium in the body include: (Select all that apply)

saliva secretion.

bone and teeth formation.

blood clot formation.

muscle contraction.

bone and teeth formation.

blood clot formation.

muscle contraction.

Minerals that are required in the diet each day in amounts larger than 100 milligrams are classified as ______ minerals.

major

Calcium absorption in the small intestine is achieved with the help of: (Select all that apply)

calcitonin.

hydroxyapetite.

calcium-binding protein.

Vitamin D.

calcium-binding protein.

Vitamin D.

Which of the following are good food sources of calcium? (Select all that apply)

Yogurt

Steak and baked potato

Cheese

Milk

Yogurt

Cheese

Milk

Which factors contribute to bone loss and osteoporosis? (Select all that apply)

Family history

Consuming trans fat

Cigarette smoking

Excessive alcohol consumption

Family history

Cigarette smoking

Excessive alcohol consumption

Which of the following diseases or conditions are positively affected by calcium rich diets? (Select all that apply)

Insulin resistance

Hypertension

Chronic inflammation

Lung cancer

Insulin resistance

Hypertension

Chronic inflammation

Which of the following vegetables are good sources of calcium? (Select all that apply)

Cauliflower

Turnip greens

Kale

Broccoli

Lettuce

Turnip greens

Kale

Broccoli

Most of the phosphorus in the body can be found in the ______.

skeleton

organs

muscle

blood

skeleton

The greatest proportion of calcium absorption occurs in the ______.

duodenum

cecum

ileum

jejunum

duodenum

Good dietary sources of phosphorus include:

vegetables.

dairy foods.

meat.

fruits.

dairy foods.

meat.

Which of the following are modifiable risk factors for developing osteoporosis? (Select all that apply)

Being physically inactive

Having low estrogen levels

Having anorexia nervosa

Having a thin-boned body frame

Growing older

Being physically inactive

Having low estrogen levels

Having anorexia nervosa

Consuming a calcium rich diet may have beneficial effects on ______.

Alzheimers disease

successful weight loss

type 1 diabetes

irritable bowel syndrome

successful weight loss

Kidney-disease patients may need to monitor and regulate their ______ intake to avoid hyperphosphatemia.

calcium

protein

sodium

phosphorus

phosphorus

Roles for phosphorus in the body include: (Select all that apply)

facilitating nerve transmission.

generating ATP.

regulating acid-base balance.

synthesizing DNA.

generating ATP.

regulating acid-base balance.

synthesizing DNA.

Which of the following is NOT a good source of phosphorus in the typical American diet?

Apples

Cottage cheese

Oatmeal

Chicken breast

Apples

Table salt is chemically known as ______ ______.

sodium chloride

People with chronic kidney disease may need to avoid ______ to lower their risk for hyperphosphatemia. (Select all that apply)

dairy foods

fruits

meat

vegetables

cereals

dairy foods

meat

cereals

Roles for sodium in the body include the: (Select all that apply)

transport of glucose.

transmission of nerve impulses.

maintenance of bone structure.

functioning of muscle.

transport of glucose.

transmission of nerve impulses.

functioning of muscle.

Sodium is often added to foods during processing in order to: (Select all that apply)

retard food spoilage.

enhance flavor.

protect against free radicals.

improve nutritional quality.

retard food spoilage.

enhance flavor.

The common name for sodium chloride is ______.

garlic

salt

sugar

caffeine

salt

The condition that is characterized by elevated blood pressure is called ______.

hypertension.

Potassium is needed by the body for: (Select all that apply)

bone integrity.

blood clotting.

muscle contraction.

nerve transmission.

muscle contraction.

nerve transmission.

The mineral that plays the leading role in the regulation of fluid balance in the body is ______.

sodium

Examples of foods high in sodium are ______.

uncooked vegetables

processed snacks

fresh fruit

grain products

processed snacks

People with hypertension are at an increased risk of: (Select all that apply)

kidney cancer.

kidney failure.

stroke.

heart disease.

kidney failure.

stroke.

heart disease.

Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should ______.

choose more eggs and meat

limit his intake of dairy products

choose more refined grains

choose more fruits and vegetables

choose more fruits and vegetables

What role in the body do sodium and potassium have in common?

Elevating blood pressure

Maintaining fluid balance

Maintaining strong bones

Maintaining fluid balance

Magnesium is needed along with calcium and phosphorus to ______.

build strong bones

regulate fluid volume

form blot clots

regulate blood pH

build strong bones

Which of the following is the best source of magnesium?

Pork

Spinach

Eggs

White rice

Spinach

Of the foods listed below, the food that provides the most potassium is ______.

lima beans

a baked potato

yogurt

a banana

a baked potato

Roles for magnesium in the body include: (Select all that apply)

muscle contraction.

enzyme function.

fluid balance.

DNA synthesis.

muscle contraction.

enzyme function.

DNA synthesis.

Which of the following is NOT a good source of magnesium?

Refined grains

Whole grains

Beans

Spinach

Refined grains

Magnesium toxicity often results in ______.

constipation

diarrhea

ulcers

vomiting

diarrhea

Functions for chloride in the body include: (Select all that apply)

muscle contraction and relaxation.

hydrochloric acid production in the stomach.

regulation of acid base balance.

transmission of nerve impulses.

hydrochloric acid production in the stomach.

regulation of acid base balance.

transmission of nerve impulses.

Most salt substitutes are comprised of ______.

potassium chloride

sodium chloride

magnesium chloride

potassium chloride

Deficiencies of sulfur are ______.

rare

common

frequent

rare

A magnesium toxicity usually arises from: (Select all that apply)

consuming an abundance of antacids.

consuming an excess of magnesium-containing supplements.

consuming excessive amounts of laxatives.

eating too much magnesium-rich food.

consuming an abundance of antacids.

consuming an excess of magnesium-containing supplements.

consuming excessive amounts of laxatives.

Along with sodium, chloride plays an important role in ______.

the formation of blood clots

building strong bones

enzyme activation

regulating fluid balance

regulating fluid balance

Excellent sources of chloride include: (Select all that apply)

beef.

celery.

seaweed.

tomatoes.

celery.

seaweed.

tomatoes.

Good sources of sulfur in the diet include: (Select all that apply)

green leafy vegetables.

cheese.

fruit.

meat.

cheese.

meat.

The major source of chloride in the American diet is ______.

cooked meat

yogurt

table salt

eggs

table salt

If a person consumes 1 cup of milk, they will absorb more calcium than if they consume 4 cups of spinach

True

False

True

What is the primary site for the absorption of major minerals?

Stomach

Liver

Large intestine

Small intestine

Small intestine

Which mineral increases blood pressure in some people, and which tends to lower it?

Sodium increases, potassium lowers

Sodium increases, chloride lowers

Potassium increases, sodium lowers

Calcium increases, sodium lowers

Sodium increases, potassium lowers

Select the mineral that is most likely to be adequate in the diets of nearly everyone

Iron

Phosphorus

Potassium

Calcium

Phosphorus

Which mineral is needed for the production of stomach acid?

Potassium

Phosphatidylcholine

Phosphorous

Chloride

Chloride