STS Through History and Intellectual Revolutions

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering intellectual revolutions, pre-colonial Philippine science, and the technological achievements of global civilizations including India, China, Africa, the Middle East, and Mesoamerica.

Ethnoastronomy & Forecasting

The indigenous knowledge system used by early Filipinos to predict events like rain and harvest.

Paleolithic Age

An era in the pre-colonial Philippines characterized by the use of stone tools, with notable sites in Palawan and Batangas.

Early Metal Age

A period in pre-colonial Philippine history marked by metallurgy, including gold working and iron smelting.

Scientific Revolution

A period of dramatic change in human thought regarding the natural and physical world that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Socrates

A Greek philosopher (470/469-399 B.C.E.) known for Socratic teaching methods and thought-provoking questions.

Plato

A Greek philosopher (428/427-348/347 B.C.E.) who studied ethics, virtue, justice, and human behavior.

Aristotle

A Greek philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.) who ventured into physics, biology, astronomy, and logic.

Darwinian Revolution

A major shift in thought based on the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection; proposed that evolution occurs through natural selection of inherited variations.

Sigmund Freud

The founder of psychoanalysis who focused on the unconscious mind and the three-part structure of personality.

Id

In Freudian theory, the part of the mind representing instinctual desires.

Ego

In Freudian theory, the part of the mind representing the rational self.

Superego

In Freudian theory, the part of the mind representing moral conscience.

Information Revolution

The rapid advancement and adoption of digital technologies for the creation, storage, and dissemination of information.

Mohenjo-Daro

An Indus Valley site known for organized urban life during the advanced Bronze Age (c. 4000 years ago).

Vedas

Four sacred texts written by the Aryan people that serve as the foundation of Hinduism.

Brahmins

The highest class in the Indian caste system, consisting of priests, scholars, and teachers responsible for spiritual leadership.

Kshatriyas

The class in the Indian caste system consisting of kings, warriors, and rulers charged with protection and governance.

Vaishyas

The class in the Indian caste system consisting of agriculturists, merchants, and traders.

Shudras

The class in the Indian caste system consisting of laborers, service providers, and artisans.

Siddhartha Gautama

The founder of Buddhism, known as "The Enlightened One," who advocated for a path toward freedom from human suffering.

Confucianism

A Chinese philosophical core promoting moral integrity, proper relationships, justice, and sincerity.

Cuneiform

The earliest writing system developed in the Middle East, used for record-keeping and literature.

Botanical Pharmacology

Advanced medical knowledge in ancient Africa used to create plant-based painkillers, antidotes, and herbal dewormers.

Maya Calendar System

A dual system utilizing both a 365-day calendar and a 260-day sacred calendar.

Chinampas

Highly productive floating gardens built by the Aztecs on shallow lakebeds.

Quipus

Knotted cords used by the Inca to record and transmit administrative data across the empire.

Trepanation

A complex cranial surgery (skull surgery) performed by the Inca civilization.

Magnetic Compass

A major invention of the Middle Ages (and ancient China) that helped sailors navigate and expand trade.

Industry 1.0

The first industrial stage characterized by mechanization and steam power.

Industry 4.0

The industrial stage characterized by the integration of cyber-physical systems, advanced networks, and AI.

Industry 5.0

The industrial vision of a symbiotic, collaborative bond between humans and machines.

Imperialism

An unequal relationship where one nation controls another's territory.

Diffusion

The process of ideas, practices, and innovations spreading between different societies.