Respiration

Respiration

is a chemical reaction that releases energy.

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate
Universal Currency of Energy

Mitochondria

is where respiration occurs

Enzymes

the inner membrane is folded and contains many _______ linked with respiration

Exothermic

Respiration is an example of an __________ reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings by heating

Aerobic respiration

Occurs when glucose reacts with oxygen inside the mitochondrion. ATP is released and waste product such as carbon dioxide and water

Aerobic Word Equation

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

Aerobic Symbol Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Respirometers

___________ can be used to measure the rate of respiration

How do you measure the rate of respiration?

Divide the distance covered in a certain time

Soda Lime

absorbs carbon dioxide

Mung beans

have an unusually high rate of respiration

During exercise

the muscles require more energy as they are contracting more often

Anaerobic Respiration

glucose is not completely broken down

Anaerobic Word Equation

glucose -> lactic acid

Anaerobic Symbol Equation

C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3

Problems of Anaerobic:

Only releases 2 ATP per glucose
Lactic Acid build up causing muscle fatigue
Creates oxygen debt

Anaerobic (Fermentation)

produce carbon dioxide and ethanol instead of lactic acid.

Fermentation Word Equation

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Fermentation Symbol Equation

C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Which nutrients are good sources of energy?

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins

Simple Carbohydrates

Simple sugars are quickly absorbed by the body and respired to release energy, e.g. sucrose, lactose, fructose, glucose

Where is energy stored in a glucose molecule?

In the chemical bonds

Complex Carbohydrates

Complex carbohydrates have to be broken down into simple sugars before they can be respired.

Polymers

materials made of long repeating chains of monomers (molecules)

Starch

Plants store glucose as ______ as this is not soluble.

Glycogen

Animals store glucose as ________ in their liver and muscle cells.

Proteins

polymers formed from amino acids.

Protease

break down proteins into amino acids in the small intestines and stomach.

Benefits of Lipids

great source of energy
make up cell membranes
provide insulation
buoyancy

Lipids

made of fatty acids and glycerol - not a polymer