bio unit 1 test review

Unit 1 Biology Flashcard Terms - Cells

cell theory

1. all living things composed of cell(s)

2. cells preform all life processes (function)

3. all cells come from pre-existing cells

homeostasis

a balanced state in an organism’s body - must maintain

synthesis

make complex compounds from simple substances

inorganic molecules

water, carbon dioxide, oxygen

nitrogen

most common gas, needed to make proteins and nucleic acids

organic compounds

complex molecules called polymers

always has carbon and hydrogen

synthesized from monomers

carbohydrates

polymers = polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

monomers = monosaccharides (glucose)

functions: provide energy for cell

lipids

polymers = fats and oils

monomers = fatty acids

functions: hydrophobic, insulation, form parts of cell membrane, form hormones

proteins

polymers = polypeptides (2 or more make protein)

monomers = amino acids

functions: color chemical reactions, form cell structures, form body parts (ex: enzymes, membranes, proteins, antibodies, neurotransmitters, most hormones)

nucleic acids

monomers = nucleotides

polymers = DNA + RNA

function: genetic code, control traits

passive transport

no energy used to move molecules through membrane

move from high to low concentration

simple diffusion - substances go through lipid bilayer

facilitated diffusion - membrane proteins transport substances in and out, specific protein shapes determines what can pass (ex:lock and key model)

osmosis - diffusion of H20 though cell membrane

hypertonic - water leaves cell, cell shrinks

hypotonic - water enters cell, cell swells

active transport

energy is used to move molecules through membrane

substances move from low to high

protein pumps force substances through the membrane

large particle transport

energy is used to change shape of membrane to let large particles through membrane

endocytosis - membrane surrounds particle and engulfs it into cell

exocytosis - vesicle joins with membrane and expels particle out of cell

cellular respiration

convert energy in food into usable form (atp)

occurs usually in the mitochondria

waste product is carbon dioxide + water

aerobic

word equation : glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy stored in ATP

chemical equation : C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ = CO₂ + H₂O + 38 ATP

Opposite reaction as photosynthesis

cellular respiration steps

1. glycolysis happens in cytoplasm - glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid, some energy is released

2. kreb cycle - happens in mitochondria. glucose is broken down into waste products carbon dioxide and water, all energy is released

3. ATP cycle - happens in mitochondria, some energy is grabbed by a phosphate and stored in ATP - some energy is released as heat

fermentation

when human run low on oxygen muscle cells must do anaerobic respiration

cellular respiration like but anaerobic (no oxygen) and produces less ATP

waste product: lactic acid

yeast do fermentation making alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes

photosynthesis

process in which the sun’s energy is stored int he chemical bonds of sugar

happens in cells with chloroplasts

converts light energy from sun into stored chemical energy into glucose

word equation: carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen

chemical equation: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O = C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

waste product: oxygen

benefits: provides food for all plants/animals, provides oxygen for cellular respiration, removes carbon dioxide from atmosphere

Opposite reaction as cellular respiration

chloroplast

cell organelle containing chlorophyll that preforms photosynthesis

stomata

pores or tiny opening under a leaf - lets oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide in and out

guard cells

open and close the stomata to prevent plant from dying out

xylem and phloem

tubes transport water (xylem) and food (phloem) through plant

prokaryotic cell

no nucleus

few organelles

simple, single celled organisms (bacteria + archaea)

eukaryotic cell

has nucleus + many organelles

complex cells, multicellular organisms (protists, fungi, animal, plant)

nucleus

controls cell

holds DNA, genes

cytoplasm

holds cell contents

helps transport materials

mitochondria

carries out cellular respiration

give cell usable energy in the form of ATP (powerhouse of the cell)

ribosome

makes proteins by joking amino acids (protein synthesis)

vacuole

stores food/water/wasste

food vacuoles with lysosomes digest large molecules

waste vacuoles excrete waste out of cell membrane

plant cells have large water vacuoles

cell wall

gives shape, structure and protection

found in plant cells

cell membrane

seperates cell interior from outer enviroment

made of two layers of phospholipids plus proteins embedded int he lipid bilayers

controls what enters an leaves the cell using membrane proteins - the membrane is selectively permable

function includes regulation and homeostasis

cilia

short hair like projects from cell membrane (beat like oars to move cell)

flagella

long whip like projections from cell membranes (moves like a propeller to move cell)

Energy pyramid

shows that energy is used up with each step in a food chain

only about 10% energy is passed from one level to the next

carbon cycle

1. during photosynthesis plants take in CO₂ and release O₂ into the air

2. during cellular respiration CO₂ is released as waste

3. during the process of decay decomposers release CO₂

4. this carbon is used to make glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

water cycle

plants take in H₂O, used for photosynthesis

water evaporates from lakes and oceans, rises and cools in atmosphere then returns to earth as precipitation (rain and snow)

nitrogen cycle

bacteria in soil that are decomposers convert N₂ from the air into nitrates that plants use as fertilizer

the nitrogen is then used to form organic compoundsr

t or f

plants do photosynthesis, animals do cellular respiration

f

all organisms including plants use cellular respiration to get their energy as ATP

t or f

cellular respiration is breathing

f

breathing is not cellular respiration - breathing exchanges the gases involved in cellular respiration. you inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide when you breath

t or f

we need oxygen to breathe - all living things need oxygen, all living things breathe

f

breathing is used to get oxygen used for cellular respiration - without oxygen you have no cellular respiration, no ATP, no energy

anaerobic organisms (such as yeast and some bacteria) do not always need oxygen and do not breathe

t or f

photosynthesis and cellular respiration make energy

f

the sun makes energy - photosynthesis and cellular respiration convert the light energy into stored chemical energy

t or f

energy is recycled in ecosystems

f

energy is never recycled - only carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and nitrogen are recycled