Unit IV - The Atlantic World, Commerce, and Wars of Religion

Wars of Religion

left Spain and Germany very weak; opened the way for English, Dutch and French to profit from global economic changes and play leading roles in transnational conflicts of early modern times

Da Gama

Portuguese navigator; rounded Africa in 1498 and found himself in the middle of the unknown world of Arab commerce

Albuquerque

Portuguese explorer; found straits of Malacca

St. Francis Xavier

one of the bold Jesuits who, by 1550, had baptized thousands in India, Indonesia and Japan

Magellan

led a Spanish expedition that sailed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, then to the Philippine Islands, on to the Indian Ocean and then back to Spain; first to circumnavigate the world

Treaty of 1494

the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs asserted that the globe is split by imaginary north-south line (from a point in middle of North Atlantic Ocean through North Pole and across eastern Asia); thus, Spain claims America and Portugal claims all trading rights to Africa, Asia, East Indies

conquistadores

used massacres and sieges to finish a conquest that brought "New Spain" into the growing Spanish Empire (took advantage of divisions with Aztec peoples)

encomienda

a labor and land system in which Indians were required to work for an owner for a certain number of days a week, while retaining parcels of land on which to work themselves

Black Legend

a smear campaign against Spain

Potosi

in Peru; the 1545 discovery of mass amounts of silver

Mestizos

those of mixed white and Indian descent

University of Lima

established in 1551 along with many others in America

capital

included a man's house, workbench, tools, materials

entrepreneur

merchant/banker who directed production and sold goods across long distances

"price revolution"

steady rise in prices, or steady decline in value of a given unit of money, constituted a general inflation

Fugger

the Medici family of Germany, so to say; built fortune by introducing fustian (cotton and other fabrics mixed together resulting in a heavier cloth); lent money to many important people; eventually lost much of their money during the general economic decline of the 16th century in Germany; left lasting legacy and model

favorable balance of trade

in mercantilism, raise export of finished goods and lower export of raw, unprocessed materials, and stop all imports except of needed raw ingredients

usury

the illegal action/practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest

commercial capitalism

the entrepreneur who knew where the goods could be sold prevailed over the person who could simply produce it

"commercialization of industry"

Statute of Artificers of 1563

regulated the admission of apprenticeship and the level of wages in various trades

internal tariffs

enacted to protect producers from competition; mercantilists wished to abolish them to create area of free trade within the state as a whole

chartered trading companies

state-supported organizations with special rights; first established soon after 1553; each was a monopoly trade in the area the company had a charter for

social structure

the composition, functions, and interrelationships of social classes

Yeomanry

developed in England; a class of small land-owners

English Poor Law of 1601

forced all able-bodied poor to work; exemplified the new charitable relief for the poor

aristocracy

upper class; owned land; born into it

Bourgeois

a person living in a chartered town/borough and enjoying its liberties

robot

peasants forced to work 3-4 days per week on master's land; given rest of week to work on own land

hidalgo

lesser nobles in Spain; essentially middle class

college

combined grammar school with the first 1-2 years at a university

Ursuline sisters

founded 300 girl's convents; educated thousands of girls

Junkers

manorial lords in Germany

hereditary subjection

serfdom in Germany

Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs

after Charles V abdicated (renounced his throne) his many crowns, Ferdinand (Charles' bro) and Phillip II (Charles' son) became leaders of parts of the Habsburg land

siglo de oro

"the golden age"; 1550-1650; Spain was very powerful and rocking it

Escorial

a new royal residence for Phillip II; built on the bleak and arid plateau of Castille; built in honor of St. Lawrence (in shape of a grill); center for both religious life and management of Phillip's vast empire

Duke of Alva

sent to the Netherlands by Phillip II after the Calvinists desecrated over four hundred church buildings

Council of Troubles (nicknamed the Council of Blood)

sentenced thousands of rebels in the Netherlands to death; levied new taxes; confiscated the estates of many important nobles

William of Orange/William the Silent

one noble whose land was confiscated by the Council of Troubles; became the head of the national opposition of Spain in the Netherlands

Elizabeth I

queen of England; excommunicated from the Catholic church in 1570; supported the rebels in Netherlands, secretly then openly in order to protect her kingdom from invasion by Spain

Duke of Norfolk

led the Catholics of Northern England in an armed rebellion against Queen Elizabeth; ultimately failed

Lepanto

Spanish joined Venetians in 1571 to fight against the Turks of Lepanto (off the coast of Greece); Spanish and Venetians won

Mary Queen of Scots/Mary Stuart

next in line after Queen Elizabeth; imprisoned in England so she wouldn't take over the throne; executed after 20 years of imprisonment

1576 Don Juan

governor general of Netherlands; developed a plan to subdue Netherlands, then base invasion into England, overthrow Elizabeth, place Mary Stuart in throne and then marry Mary himself

Prince of Parma

governor general of the Netherlands after Don Juan; broke the solid of the provinces

Union of Utrecht

formed in 1579 by the seven northern provinces in the Netherlands

United Provinces of the Netherlands

those seven northern provinces in Union of Utrecht who declared from Spain in 1581; also known as the Dutch Republic and Holland

armada catolica

"the great armada"; set sail to Netherlands, eventually onto the Netherlands; met by smaller, more evasive English ships; gets absolutely WRECKED

1609 Twelve Years' Truce

partitioned the Netherlands; 7 provinces north of the line (Protestant; in Union of Utrecht) are the Dutch; 10 provinces south (Catholic) are the Spanish Netherlands

feudal (postmedieval sense)

generally refers to not only nobles, but all sorts of groups having rights within the state (ex. towns, provinces, craft guilds, courts of law)

"boy kings"

Huguenots

French Calvinists; although minority, not a small group or modest in their demands

Henry II

King of France until 1559 (accidentally killed in tournament); opposed to the spread of Calvinism

Catherine de Medici

Henry II's widow, attempted to govern France for her sons; showed ideas of polish of Renaissance Italy and some taste for political intrigue from Italy

Henry of Bourbon/Henry of Navarre

led the Huguenots in France during civil war; married Marie de Medici; became Henry IV

Guise family

erected a pronounced Catholic party to fight the Huguenots

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572

thousands of Huguenots dragged from their beds and murdered in Paris (many influential Huguenot leaders were there to celebrate Henry of Navarre's wedding to Marie de Medici); aroused Huguenot fury

La Rochelle

a Protestant town that appealed for armed support from Queen Elizabeth of England; came in sporadically and insufficient in numbers

politiques

a group comprised of the more 'lazy' Catholics and moderate Protestants; believed too much was being made of religion, no doctrine was worth everlasting war, perhaps there is room for two churches, the country needed civil order above all else

1598 Edict of Nantes

issued by Henry IV; granted every land-owning noble (seigneur) the right to hold Protestant services in his own household, Protestants enjoy the same civil rights as Catholics, created 'mixed chambers' in certain law courts, gave Protestants their own means of defense (allowed them to have army and 100 fortified towns under Protestant control)

parlement

supreme law courts of France

Estates General

the legislative body in France until 1789, representing the three estates of the realm (i.e., the clergy, the nobility, and the commons).

Marie de Medici

widow of Henry IV; called Estates General as people grew restless, but dismissed it when too many conflicting and mutually distrustful ideas were represented

Louis XIII

young son of Marie de Medici

Cardinal Richelieu

took control of the affairs of France from Marie de Medici and Louis XIII; mercantilist- promotes new companies, gains control over the nobility by prohibiting private warfare and dueling, modifies the Edict of Nantes through the Peace of Alias

1629 Peace of Alais

amended the Edict of Nantes, thereby taking away the Protestant fortified cities, armies and all military and territorial rights

Czechs

Bohemians

Franche-Comte

a Spanish base that helped Spain ravage France

Matthias

Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia; sent troops to restore his authority after defenestration of Prague and was forcefully removed as king

defenestration of Prague 1618

Bohemians threw 2 emissaries (diplomatic representatives) out of the window in fear of losing their Protestant liberties

Protestant Union

formed by the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire in 1608 with encouragement from Elector Palatine

Frederick V

A.K.A. Calvinist Elector Palatine, head of Protestant Union; changed name when elected as king of Bohemia; jeered/pitied as 'winter king' due to loss at battle of White Mountain

Emperor Ferdinand

Matthias's successor; overwhelmed the Bohemians in the Battle of White Mountain; commissioned Albert of Wallenstein to build army against the Dutch/Danish

Albert of Wallenstein

commissioned by Emperor Ferdinand to raise a private army (made up of professional fighters who lived by pillage as opposed to by pay); defeated the king of Denmark, reached the Baltic coast, invaded the Danish peninsula and set fear in the hearts of the Germans (that they might lose all they gained through the Protestant Reformation)

Battle of White Mountain

Emperor Ferdinand (with money from the pope, Spanish troops from Milan, and forces of Catholic Bavaria) overwhelmed the Bohemians, causing Frederick V to flee and have his ancestral domain overrun by Spaniards

Edict of Restitution 1629

emperor declared all church territories secularized since 1552 were automatically restored to the Catholic church; terror swept Protestant Germany- some territories have been Protestant as long as oldest person could remember, Protestant Reformation might be undone

Gustavus Adolphus

king of Sweden, ruler of highest ability - greatly increased Sweden's holding and pacified all parties in Sweden, had created most modern army of all time (firmly disciplined, high courage, mobile cannon); religious and took up role as Protestant champion; killed in 1632 at Lutzen

Peace of Prague 1635

Saxons signed with the emperor