Mutations-Unit 2 Gentics

small scale mutations

-affect DNA at molecular level

-during DNA replication

Substitution(point mutation)

nucleotide is replaced

Deletion(frameshift mutatyion)

nucleotide is removed

Insertion(frameshift mutation)

nucleotide is added

large scale mutations

affect entire portion of chromosome

deletion

-single chromosome

-loss of one or more genes from a chromosome

duplication(amplifications)

single chromosome

-addition of one or more existing genes

inversion(chromosomal inversions)

-single chromosome

-reversal of one or more genes in a chromosome

-genes exist but order is backwards from parent chromosome

insertion

-multiple chromosome

-one or more genes are removed from chromosome and inserted into a nonhomologous chromosome

translocation

-multiple homologous chromosome

-chromosomes swap one or more genes with another chromosome

effects of mutations

affect proteins created during protein synthesis

small scale effects

silent:

-nucleotide is replaced, but codon still produces same amino acid

Missense:

-codon ends up in different amino acids

Monsense:

-codon results in “stop” codon

Large scale effects

-more obvious

-duplication of multiple genes that cause them to be more expressed