TOURISM 1 (MIDTERMS)

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

has concluded that tourism provides a major opportunity for growth for countries that are at the intermediate stage of economic development and require more foreign exchange earnings.

1. In tourism, the consumer collects the product from the

   exporting country, thereby eliminating the freight costs for the

   exporter, except in cases in which the airline used are those of

   the tourist receiving country.

2. The demand for pleasure travel is largely dependent on

   non-economic factors, such as local disturbances, political

   unrest, and changes in the fashion ability of resorts/countries

   created mostly by media coverage.

3. By using specific fiscal measures, the exporting or tourist receiving country can manipulate exchange rates so that those for tourists are higher and lower. (Ex. Normally the latter is implemented in order to attract large number of tourists than those in other foreign trade markets. Also, tourists are allowed to buy domestic markets at the same price as the local residents (duty-free tourist shops).

4. Tourism is a multifaceted industry that directly affects several sectors in the economy. (such as hotels, shops, restaurants, local transport firms, entertainment establishment, and handicraft producers) .

5. Tourism brings many more non-monetary benefits and costs

   than other export industries, such as social, cultural, and

   environment benefits, and costs.

Economic Impact: When travelers outside the destination area spend on goods and services within the destination, tourism acts as an export industry by bringing in revenues from outside sources. Tourism’s economic impact on a destination area can be immense since it provides a source of income, employment, and foreign exchange.

Direct and Secondary Effects:

In order to measure the economic impact of tourism on the destination area, it is important to know the direct and secondary effects of visitor expenditures on the economy of the area.

DIRECT

means that the income is received directly: received as income by businesses such as hotels, restaurants, car rentals, tour operators, and retail shops serving tourists have a direct effect on the economy of the host area.

INDIRECT OR SECONDARY EFFECTS

mean that the money paid by tourists to businesses are in turn used to pay for supplies, wages of workers, and other items used in producing the products or direct services bought by tourists.

Sociology of tourism

The study of touristic motivations, roles, relationships, and institutions and of their impact on tourists and on the societies who receive them.

Sociology of Tourism

helps us to analyze the impact of an individual passing through a system as well as a large number of tourists, establish the transformational impact of tourism on people, places and communities and their way of life, planning and development of sustainable.

The social nature of travel

Travel is brought about by the social nature of man. Human beings, feel comfortable in a tour group.

In some subcultures, travel is the accepted way of spending one’s vacation.

According to Pope John Paul II, “The world is becoming a global village in which people from different continents are made to feel like next-door neighbors, tourism can help overcome many real prejudices and foster new bonds of fraternity.”

The social effects of tourism

Tourism is concerned with the movement and contact between people in different geographical locations.

In sociological terms, this involves:

1. Social relations between people who would not normally meet;

   the confrontation of different cultures, ethnic groups, lifestyles,

   languages, level of prosperity, and the like;

2. The behavior of people released from many of the social and

   economical constraints of everyday life; and

3. The behavior of the host population which has to reconcile

   economic gain and benefits with the costs of living with

   strangers.

• Age

• Income and Social Status

• Education

• Life stages of the Family

Socioeconomic Variables

Age

Younger people tend to select more active recreational activities rather than older people.

Income and Social Status

have a great influence on travel. Rich persons, as well as persons with higher social status, travel more than those with lower income and social class status.

Education

there is a strong correlation between education and travel. Generally speaking, the better educated members of the population have a greater desire to travel.

Life stages of the Family

the presence of children in the family limits travel. More leisure time is spent home.

Travel clubs

the most significant development in group travel consists of travel clubs. In this group travel plan, a club member enjoys travel opportunities and vacation destination facilities at a much cheaper price than that paid by a non-member.

Airline Group and Arrangements

different types of tour fares promoted by airlines.

Special Interest Tours

these are tours arranged for those who are interested in a particular activity.

• Relaxation versus Activity

• Familiarity versus Novelty

• Dependence versus Autonomy

• Order versus Disorder

Preferences of the International Tourist

Relaxation versus Activity

Before, the workweek for most people including the middle class was long and exhausting. Thus, they demanded holidays that offered relaxation and rest. At present, the workweek has been shortened and the annual holiday leave has been lengthened.

Familiarity versus Novelty

Most tourist on their first trip abroad to seek familiarity rather than novelty. They search for something that will remind them of home, whether it be food, newspapers, living quarters or another person form their own country.

Dependence versus Autonomy

in the past, tourists joined package tours in which transportation, lodging, food, sightseeing and entertainment was fixed in advance by the tour agency. At present, there is the emergence of a group of tourists who would like to acquire a sense of personal autonomy regarding their leisure time.

Order versus Disorder

in the past, tourists sought holidays which enforce the traditional concept of conformity – set meals at fixed times, guidebooks which told them the right places to visit and resorts where their fellow tourists were tidy, well behaved, and properly dressed. Now, the new generation of tourist is not very much concerned about what to wear and how to behave when on holiday.

• The organized mass tourist

• The individual mass tourist

Types of Tourist Roles

The organized mass tourist

type of tourist is the least adventurous. He buys a package tour in which the itinerary of his trip is fixed in advance and his stops are well prepared and guided. He seldom makes decisions for himself. He prefers a familiar environment rather a new environment.

The individual mass tourist

the individual mass tourist is similar to the organized mass tourist, except that the individual mass tourist has a certain degree of control over his time and itinerary and is bound to a group. However, all the major arrangements of his tour are still made through a travel agency.

The Explorer

this type of tourist arranges his trip by himself and looks for comfortable accommodations and reliable means of transportation.

The Drifter

he arranges his own trip and does not seek the help of a tour agency. He does not have a fixed itinerary. Novelty is at its highest; familiarity disappears almost completely.

Culture

can be defined as a “set of beliefs, values, attitudes, habits and form of behavior that are shared by a society and are transmitted from generation to generation”.

Knowledge of the culture of a country

is important in order to understand how individuals within that country will behave.

Understanding and inability to communicate

Lack of _____________with the host culture might result in a culture shock for the tourist.

Cultural tourism

is one of the largest and fastest growing tourism markets in the world.

Cultural tourism

The relationship between tourism and culture is changing rapidly due to lifestyle changes, new forms of culture and creativity, and the development of new technologies.

Tourism-related cultures

are less specific, more accessible and bottom-up than they used to be. This has created challenges and opportunities for countries around the world to develop and leverage many synergies between tourism and culture.

Promotion and preservation

of tangible and intangible heritage while promoting development of arts, crafts and other creative activities, tourist destinations how much of their charm a culture that can transform traditional tourism into creative tourism and provide more credibility and the actual experience.

The Importance of Cultural Tourism

includes all aspects of travel in which people learn about each other’s way of life. Thus, tourism is an important means of promoting cultural relations and international cooperation.

• Art

• Music and Dance

• Handicraft

• Industry and Business

• Agriculture

• Education

• Literature and Language

• Science

• Government

• Religion

• Food and Drink

• History

Cultural factors with Tourist Appeal

Art

generally, the arts include performing arts and fine arts. The former refers to live theater, music, and dance and the latter includes painting, sculpture, graphic arts, and architecture.

Music and Dance

music is a major source of enjoyment and satisfaction to tourists. Resort hotels in particular can give the visitors many opportunities to enjoy the best local music.

Handicraft

to satisfy tourists, gifts, and souvenirs for sale should be manufactured in the country where the purchase is made. Usually, a tourist is dissatisfied when he buys a particular souvenir and then discovers later that the article he bought was made in another country.

Industry and Business

international travelers are usually curious about the country’s industry, commerce, manufactured products, and its economic situation.

Agriculture

of a country may be interesting to a large segment of tourist. An important aspect of tourist services in rural areas is the farmers market in which local agriculture products are sold to the travelers.

Education

the inhabitants of one country are usually anxious to know the educational system of another country. Campuses of colleges and universities of a country are particularly appealing to tourists.

Literature and Language

literary achievement of a country form an important part of travel motivation. Libraries are favorite cultural institutions for the tourist. Most travelers like to learn the language of the country they visit.

Science

tourists are interested to know the scientific activities of a country, especially those in technical industries, education, or scientific research.

Government

countries differ in their systems of government. Visits to centers of government, such as capitals, are very motivating to individuals interested in political science and government.

Religion

religious pilgrimage is another motivation for travel. Most popular among the Muslims is the pilgrimage to Mecca. Many people go to the different headquarters of their church organizations and to places that are well-known in their religious literature.

Food and Drink

is an important part of the culture of a country. Tourists usually enjoy native foods especially those which are local or ethnic in nature.

HIstory

historical resources of a country reveal its cultural heritage. The preservation of history and the quality and management of museums are very important for the success of tourism.

• Cultural Tourist

• Casual Cultural Tourists

• Accidental cultural tourist

• Occasional cultural tourists

Types of Cultural Tourists

Cultural tourists

with a purpose whose main travel motivation is cultural tourism. These tourists have a very deep cultural experience.

Cultural tourism

is the main reason for visiting destinations, but the experience is of a more superficial nature. Tourism Cultural tourists.

Casual Cultural Tourists

do not travel for cultural reasons, but after attending they have a deep cultural tourism experience, while casual cultural tourists are less motivated to culture, resulting in a surface experience.

Accidental cultural tourist

is someone who does not travel for cultural tourism, but still participates in some activities and has superficial experience.

Accidental cultural tourists

who enjoy a deep cultural experience, but play little or no role in travel decisions. This type of tourist is so diverse that there is no favorite activity resulting from it.

Occasional cultural tourists

play a medium role in travel decisions and enjoy minor cultural experiences. Their favorite activity is to visit attractions and temples that are not as easy to access and explore as cultural tourists traveling.