Ap World unti 1

Song Dynasty: Revival of Confucianism

Emphasis on natural hierarchy; attempted to reduce Buddhist influence; promoted filial piety (children obeying parents/ancestors); women had limited legal rights and faced restrictions like foot binding.

Song Dynasty: Imperial Bureaucracy

Hierarchical government structure designed to empower the leader; implemented the Civil Service Exam, which was available to all men.

Buddhism: Four Noble Truths

Life is suffering; suffering arises from craving; suffering ceases when craving ceases; the Eightfold Path leads to the cessation of suffering.

Theravada Buddhism

A form of Buddhism emphasizing self-practice, prominent in Sri Lanka.

Mahayana Buddhism

A form of Buddhism with broader participation, commonly practiced in East Asia.

Song Dynasty: Commercialization of Economy

Production of more goods than necessary for local use, with surplus sold across Asia and Europe (e.g., silk and porcelain); agricultural innovation with Champa rice; transportation innovations including expansion of the Grand Canal.

Dar-Al-Islam: Monotheistic Religions

Refers to monotheistic religions (ONE God) such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which shaped culture and society.

Abbasid Caliphate

Originally ethnically Arab, it began to break up in 1200; it was the center of the Muslim world, later led by ethnic Turks.

Turkic Empires

Military altered new states and created legal codes based on the Quran.

Scientific Innovations in Dar-Al-Islam

Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi invented trigonometry; preservation of Greek philosophy occurred in the House of Wisdom.

Expansion of Muslim Rule

Occurred through military rule via Turkic-ruled states, merchant trade routes, and conversions through missionaries, especially in South and Southeast Asia.

Bhakti Movement

An innovative movement within traditional Hinduism that sought to stop the worship of multiple Gods and challenged the social hierarchy.

Aztec Administration

Utilized a system of tribute states (conquered states owed payment), but generally did not get involved with conquered regions, leading to a decentralized structure.

Mit'a System (Inca)

Involved dispersing officials throughout conquered states, requiring conquered states to practice the same beliefs, and providing labor in various forms.

Mississippian Power Structure

Focused on agriculture with large towns dominating smaller settlements, exemplified by the Cahokia people.

Swahili Civilization

Experienced an increase in Islamic power; politically independent city-states with a similar social hierarchy; deeply influenced by Muslim traders who held higher social status (only higher powers converted to Islam).

Great Zimbabwe

Grew thanks to trade and agriculture before transitioning to gold exports; never converted to Islam, retaining a shamanistic culture.

Kingdom of Ethiopia

The only Christian state in Africa with a hierarchical structure.

Byzantine Empire

Also known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity, it was saved by Kievan Rus.

European Political Flavor

Characterized by decentralization and political fragmentation with feudalism (lords in control) and allegiances between powerful lords, monarchs, and knights; manorialism involved lords renting out land to serfs