Exam 1 anatomy 2

blood and hormones

how are the endocrine and nervous systems connected?

they work together to direct and integrate in the human body

what do neurons release?

neurotransmitters into a synapse, affecting postsynaptic cells

what do glands release?

hormones (chemical) into blood stream

What responds to hormones

Only the target (receptor) for that specific hormone responds

Endocrinology

study of hormone and endocrine organ

hormone

CHEMICAL messenger released into BLOOD cellular activities at specific TARGET

what does hormone control

reproduction, growth, development, electrolyte, water balance, metabolism, body defense system, stress

exocrine gland

secrete substances into ducts and tubes

Sweat and saliva

endocrine gland

releases hormones directly into the blood stream

pituitary thyroid

parathyroid

adrenal

pineal

endocrine tissues

organs with tissues that can secrete hormones

adipose, thymus, small intestine, stomach, kidney, heart

neuroendocrine organ

neurons trigger the secretion of neurohormones making their way into blood

hypothalamus

hormone receptors

they travel at the same time in human body but will only bind ti cells with a specific target

receptors are constantly made and degraded depending on circulating hormone levels

down regulation

target cells lose receptors because of high hormone levels

up regulation

target cells form more receptors because of low hormone levels

types of hormones

amino acid

steroid based hormone - lipid hormones-

amino acid ( protein - polypeptide - hormones )

target is always on the outside.

most hormones

will never pass the plasma membranes

steroid based hormones (lipid hormones)

receptor is going to be inside the cell

practically right on the nucleus

types of steroid hormones

testosterone

estrogen

adrenal cortex hormone (aldosterone, cortisol, androgens)

adrenal cortex

outside of the adrenal gland

hormone release controlled by other hormones

3 layers

adrenal medulla

inside of the adrenal gland

hormone release controlled by nerve impulse

modifies sympathetic ganglion

produces EPI/NE

controlling hormones

control of any hormone comes down to how much is present in the bloodstream or how many receptors are present

the 3 mechanisms controlling hormone secretion

humoral stimuli- homeostatic control

neural stimuli- nervous system control

hormonal stimuli - hypothalamus pituitary control - negative feedback

negative feedback

isn’t bad but is moving the information backwards

hypothalamus controls?

body temp, food intake, water balance, sleep-wake cycle

pituitary gland secretions - tells it what to do

hypothalamus is the link between?

nervous and endocrine system

hypothalamus receives input from..?

cerebral cortex

thalamus

and limbic system

pituitary gland components

posterior neural tissue

anterior glandular tissue

infundibulum

posterior neural tissue

also call hypophysis

stores and release hormones

anterior glandular tissue

also called adenohypophysis

produces/makes and releases hormones

infundibulum

stalk connecting hypothalamus and pituitary gland

thyroid gland structure and location

bi-lobed glnad on the trachea, inferior to larynx

2 lateral lobes connected by isthmus cells

thyroid gland inclusions

follicle cells

parafollicular cells

colloid filled follicles

follicle cells

produce thyroglobulin

parafollicular cells

produce calcitonin (regulate calcium)

colloid filled follicles

add iodine to thyroglobulin

little pink lakes

TBG’s (thyroxine binding globulins)

transport proteins in blood

both bind to target receptors by t3 is 10 time more active the t4

peripheral tissues convert t4 or t3

helps slip over the membrane

adrenal gland location

on top of kidneys

the 3 layers of tissue in the adrenal cortex

zona glomerulosa

zona fasciculata

zona reticularis

zona glomerulosa

superficial layer produces aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

salt

zona fasciculata

middle layer produces Cortisol ( glucocorticoids)

sugar

zone reticularis

innermost layer produces androgens (gonadocorticoids)

sex

parathyroid gland location

located posterior aspect of the thyroid

4-8 tiny glands

what does the parathyroid gland produce

parathyroid hormone

pancreas

exocrine and endocrine gland

endocrine cells= pancreatic islets (alpha and beta cells

Neural Control mechanism includes what hormones?

epinephrine

norepinephrine

melatonin

oxytocin

antidiuretic(ADH)

humoral control mechanism includes what hormones?

aldosterone

glucagon

insulin

calcitonin

parathyroid

hormonal control mechanism includes what hormones?

growth hormone

growth hormone releasing hormone

thyroid releasing hormone

thyroid simulating hormone

gonadotropin releasing hormone

follicle stimulating hormone

luteinizing hormone

corticotropic releasing hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormone

prolactin

thyroid hormone

cortisol

testosterone

estrogen

hormone that comes from the source of the anterior pituitary

growth hormone

thyroid releasing hormone

thyroid stimulating hormone

follicle stimulating hormone

luteinizing hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormone

prolactin

hormone that comes from the source of the hypothalamus

growth hormone releasing hormone

gonadotropin releasing hormone

corticotropic releasing hormone

prolactin releasing hormone

hormone that comes from the source of the posterior pituitary

oxytocin

antidiuretic

hormone that comes from the source of the thyroid gland

thyroid hormone

calcitonin

hormone that comes from the source of the adrenal cortex

aldosterone

cortisol

androgens

hormone that comes from the source of the adrenal medulla

epinephrine

norepinephrine

hormone that comes from the source testes

testosterone

hormone that comes from the source ovaries

estrogen

hormone that comes from the source of alpha cells in the pancreas

glucagon

hormone that comes from the source beta cells in the pancreas

insulin

hormone that comes from the source of the pineal gland

melatonin

hormone that targets anterior pituitary

gonadotropin releasing

growth hormone releasing

corticotropic releasing

prolactin releasing

hormone that targets parathyroid gland

thyroid releasing

hormone that targets thyroid gland

thyroid stimulating

hormone that targets ovaries and testes

follicle stimulating

luteinizing

hormone that targets all cells especially bones and skeletal muscle

growth hormone

hormone that targets the adrenal gland

adrenocorticotropic

hormone that targets breast

prolactin

oxytocin (uterus too)

hormone that targets kidney

antidiuretic

aldosterone

hormone that targets ALL CELLS IN BODY - liver, bone, adipose

thyroid hormone

hormone that targets bone, kidney

calcitonin

parathyroid hormone ( intestines too)

hormone that targets sex organs

androgens

hormone that targets primary the liver, fat, muscle

cortisol

hormone that targets Many cells

epinephrine and nonepinephrine

hormone that targets liver

glucagon

insulin (all cells needing glucose)

hormone that targets hypothalamus

melatonin

growth hormone function

directs action of fat and carbohydrate metabolism. makes IGF’s

growth hormone releasing hormone

releases the growth hormone

thyroid releasing hormone

increase secretion of thyroid hormone

thyroid stimulating

increases secretion of the thyroid hormone

gonadotropin releasing

stimulates the release of LH and FSH which control reproduction, sex hormone production, ovulation, and sperm production

follicle stimulating hormone

stimulates release of estrogen and testosterone

luteinizing hormone

stimulates sex hormone secretion, stimulates egg release - ovulation

corticotropic releasing hormone

helps the body respond to stress

adrenocorticotropic hormone

increase secretion of cortisol

prolactin releasing hormone

promotes milk production

prolactin hormone

increase milk synthesis

oxytocin

stimulates labor and milk ejection

antidiuretic hormone

reduces water loss, essential for water balance in the body

thyroid hormone

increases metabolism by increasing the rate of burning carbohydrates

calcitonin hormone

lowers blood Ca by increasing bone uptake

parathyroid hormone

increases blood Ca levels by increasing bone release

aldosterone

conserves sodium by reabsorption and water

cortisol

increases glucose synthesis -liver-

epinephrine and norepinephrine

increases heart rate, metabolic rate, BP, vasodilation/vasoconstriction, increase blood glucose levels

androgens

sex drive in women

sex organ development

glucagon

stimulates glucose release into blood

insulin Hormone

stimulates glucose uptake from blood into tissues

melatonin

may control puberty

night/day cycles

general hormone actions

endocrine glnad produces hormone

release into bloodstream

passes all body cells without proper receptor

hormone binds only to target cell with proper hormone receptor

creates an action

hypophyseal portal system is a connection between….

vascular connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary blood supply

what does the hypophyseal potal system contain

primary capillary plexus

hypophyseal portal veins

secondary capillary plexus

where do hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormone go?

directly to cell in anterior pituitary by capillary plexus and diluted as circulates thru body