Ap psychology unit 4 vocabs

Ap

Attribution theory

theory that we explain someone’s behavior by using disposition(personality)-blame the person, or the situation

Dispositional

when someone attributes a person’s behavior to their characteristic such as personality ability

Situational

when someone attribute a person’s behavior to external factors such as environment

Cognitive dissonance

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

Optimistic Explanatory Style

setbacks as temporary, specific, and not entirely your fault. ex: instead of thinking i’m bad at math, you’d think i struggled on this test but i can improve

Pessimistic explanatory style

setbacks as permanent, widespread, and your fault. ex: instead of thinking I struggled on this test but i can improve you’d think im just bad at math, and i’ll always fail.

Actor-observer-bias

the tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes but observers, to attribute others behavior to internal causes

Fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing other’s behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the personal disposition

Self serving bias

the tendency to credit yourself for success but blame external factors for faillure

External locus of control

the perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. believing that outside forces like fate, luck have more control over what happens in your life

Internal locus of control

the perception that we control our own fate. believing that your own action, choices determine what happens in your life

Person perception

how we form impression of other and ourselves including attributions of behavior

Mere exposure effect

the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them. “te more we see someone, the more we tend to like them”

Self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment when a person’s expectation about themselves or other, influence their behavior in a way that make those expectation come true.

Social comparison

evaluating ourselves by comparing ourselves to other

Relative deprivation

the perception that we are worse off compared to others whom we believe are in a better situation

Just world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve

Out group homogeneity bias

tendency to view members of the other group as more similar to each other our group

In-group bias

the tendency to favor our own group

Belief perseverace

the tendency to hold on to other’s beliefs even after the evidence supporting those beliefs has been discredited or proven wrong

Confirmation bias

tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore that discord contradictory evidence

Social norms

a society understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

Normative social influence

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Informational social influence

influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept other’s opinion reality

Elaboration likelihood model

explain how people can be persuaded to change their attitude

Central route to persuasion

occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and argument

Peripheral route persuation

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues such as speaker’s attractiveness

Halo effect

a cognitive bias where our overall impression of someone or something influences our judgement of their specific trait. “if he’s attractive then he’s smart

Foot-in-the-door

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Door-in-the-face

a larger request is made knowing it will probably be refused so that the person will agree to a smaller request

Comformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Obedience

complying with an order or a command

Group polarization

the belief and attitude we bring to a group grows stronger as we discuss them with like-minded people

Group think

the desire for some to go along with the group even though they know it is wrong

Diffusion of responsibility

when individuals are less likely to take action or feel accountable when others are present

Social loafing

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Deindividualisation

the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in a group situation that fosters arousal

Social facilitation

in presence of others improved performance on simple or well learned tasks and worsen performance on difficult tasks.

False consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with you

superordinate goals

shared goals that requires corporation between individuals or group who might otherwise be in conflict

Social traps

situation in which individuals or groups pursue their own short-term interests but in doing so they create long-term negative consequences for everyone. ex:overfishing

I/O psychologist

they apply psychological principles to the workplaces, to improve productivity, employee well-being and organization effectiveness

Altruism

putting the needs of other first

social reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help not hurt those who have helped them

Social responsibility norm-

an expectation that people will help those needing their help

Bystander effect

social diffusion when individuals are less likely to help when others are present

Denial

a defense mechanism, refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Projection

defense mechanism, disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing to others

Rationalization

offering self justifying explanation in place of the real, more threatening unconscious

Reaction formation

a defense mechanism in which a person an unexpectedness impulses/behavior into its opposite

Regression

a defense mechanism in which a person reverts to an earlier stages of development in response to stress and anxiety

Repression

the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts feelings, and memories. min pushes distressing thought/memories or desires out of conscious awareness

Sublimation

a defense mechanism in which a person channels unacceptable or sociably inappropriate impulses into productive socially acceptable activity.

Projective tests

a personality test, such as TAT or Rorschach, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics and explore the pre-conscious and unconscious mind

Unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Rogers believed would help people develop a self-awareness and self accepting

Reciprocal determination

a person’s behavior, internal cognition and environmental influences all interact and shape each other in a continuous loop

Self efficacy

our sense of competence and effectiveness ( student might feel high self efficacy in math yet but low self esteem)

Big five factors

trait-openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism determine one’s personality

Drive reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state ( a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

Arousal theory

suggests that people are driven to maintain an optimal level of arousal, not too high or not too low

Yerkes-Dodson law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Self determination theory

theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our need for competence autonomy and relatedness. -we are motivated by internal (intrinsic) and external (extrinsic) motivation

Intrinsic motivation

the desire to perform a behavior effectively for it own sake

Extrinsic motivation

the desire to perform a behavior to receive rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Approach-approach

a situation where a person must chose between two or more appealing options making it difficult to choose because both are desirable

Approach-avoidance

the drive to move toward or away from a stimulus. Stimulus has both positive and negative aspects

Avoidance-avoidance

occurs when a person is faced both of which carry negative outcome

Sensation-seeking theory

the need to pursue new and extreme sensation

Experience seeking

tendency to pursue novel,complex and intense experiences

Boredom susceptibility

the inability to tolerate monotony or repetition.tendency to experience boredom easily and frequently

Ghrelin

a hunger arousing hormones. home secreted by empty stomach sends “i’m hugry” signal

Leptin

Protein hormones secreted by fat cells, when abundant causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

Lateral hypothalamus

activate hunger signals

Ventromedial hypothalamus

sends full satiety signals

Satiety

feeling or state of being satisfy

Pituitary glands

a pea sized structure located i the core of the brain, where it controlled an adjacent brain area

Facial feedback hypothesis

our facial expression can influence our emotional experiences

Broaden-and-build-theory

proposes that positive emotion enlarge our awareness, which overtime helps us build novel and meaningful skills and resilience that improves well being

Display rules

guide how people expresses emotions in specific social context, influencing their communication and interaction