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Attribution theory
theory that we explain someone’s behavior by using disposition(personality)-blame the person, or the situation
Dispositional
when someone attributes a person’s behavior to their characteristic such as personality ability
Situational
when someone attribute a person’s behavior to external factors such as environment
Cognitive dissonance
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
Optimistic Explanatory Style
setbacks as temporary, specific, and not entirely your fault. ex: instead of thinking i’m bad at math, you’d think i struggled on this test but i can improve
Pessimistic explanatory style
setbacks as permanent, widespread, and your fault. ex: instead of thinking I struggled on this test but i can improve you’d think im just bad at math, and i’ll always fail.
Actor-observer-bias
the tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes but observers, to attribute others behavior to internal causes
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing other’s behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the personal disposition
Self serving bias
the tendency to credit yourself for success but blame external factors for faillure
External locus of control
the perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. believing that outside forces like fate, luck have more control over what happens in your life
Internal locus of control
the perception that we control our own fate. believing that your own action, choices determine what happens in your life
Person perception
how we form impression of other and ourselves including attributions of behavior
Mere exposure effect
the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them. “te more we see someone, the more we tend to like them”
Self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment when a person’s expectation about themselves or other, influence their behavior in a way that make those expectation come true.
Social comparison
evaluating ourselves by comparing ourselves to other
Relative deprivation
the perception that we are worse off compared to others whom we believe are in a better situation
Just world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve
Out group homogeneity bias
tendency to view members of the other group as more similar to each other our group
In-group bias
the tendency to favor our own group
Belief perseverace
the tendency to hold on to other’s beliefs even after the evidence supporting those beliefs has been discredited or proven wrong
Confirmation bias
tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore that discord contradictory evidence
Social norms
a society understood rules for accepted and expected behavior
Normative social influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational social influence
influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept other’s opinion reality
Elaboration likelihood model
explain how people can be persuaded to change their attitude
Central route to persuasion
occurs when interested people’s thinking is influenced by considering evidence and argument
Peripheral route persuation
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues such as speaker’s attractiveness
Halo effect
a cognitive bias where our overall impression of someone or something influences our judgement of their specific trait. “if he’s attractive then he’s smart
Foot-in-the-door
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Door-in-the-face
a larger request is made knowing it will probably be refused so that the person will agree to a smaller request
Comformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Obedience
complying with an order or a command
Group polarization
the belief and attitude we bring to a group grows stronger as we discuss them with like-minded people
Group think
the desire for some to go along with the group even though they know it is wrong
Diffusion of responsibility
when individuals are less likely to take action or feel accountable when others are present
Social loafing
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Deindividualisation
the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in a group situation that fosters arousal
Social facilitation
in presence of others improved performance on simple or well learned tasks and worsen performance on difficult tasks.
False consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with you
superordinate goals
shared goals that requires corporation between individuals or group who might otherwise be in conflict
Social traps
situation in which individuals or groups pursue their own short-term interests but in doing so they create long-term negative consequences for everyone. ex:overfishing
I/O psychologist
they apply psychological principles to the workplaces, to improve productivity, employee well-being and organization effectiveness
Altruism
putting the needs of other first
social reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help not hurt those who have helped them
Social responsibility norm-
an expectation that people will help those needing their help
Bystander effect
social diffusion when individuals are less likely to help when others are present
Denial
a defense mechanism, refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
Projection
defense mechanism, disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing to others
