ANSC 107 Exam 3 (Ramsey - TAMU)

What muscle relaxes to extend the penis in all species except horses & humans?

sigmoid flexure

Brucella ovis

causes epididimitis

epididimitis

inflamed epididumis, blocked vas deferens

location of fertilized semen

cauda epididymis (tail of teste)

testes must be kept ______ degree cooler

3-6

creation of sperm

spermatogenesis

time it takes for fertilized sperm to reach the tail

60 days

ways to detect female estrus

pheromones, visual cues, etc

function of male reproductive system

produce sperm, detect female estrus, fertilize & inseminate

spermatic cord

containes vas deferens, pampiniform plexus, external cremaster muscle nerves

tunica dartas muscle

raise/lower teste to regulate temp

counter-current heat exchange

teste has only 1 artery

tunica albuginea

connective

semiferous tubules

sperm producing cells, true germinal epithelium

rete tesis

function in sperm transport from seminiferous tubules

caput epididymis

maturation of spermatoza & fluid absorption

corpus epididymis

maturation of spermatozoa

cauda epididymis

final maturation & storage

cold shock

sperm's tail will be bent (will swim in circles and cannot inseminate)

pampiniform plexus

Network of veins that surrounds the testicular artery within the scrotum; absorbs heat from the arterial blood entering the testes; derived from the testicular vein.

sertoli cells

(male) support spermatogenesis

leydig cells

(male) testosterone synthesis

function of epididymis

store for 4 days, arrests sperm metabolism

what animal has highest volume

swine (225-400)

what animal has highest concentration of sperm

sheep & goats b/c their uterus us crooked & has dead ends (ensures strongest sperm)

scrotal properties that facilitate thermoregulation

location of testis, low insulation, sweat glands, tunica dartos, blood supply to testis

tunica dartos

smooth muscle that lines scrotal wall

cryptorchidism

1 or both testis don't descend

bilateral cryptorchidism

totally sterile, neither descended

unilateral cryptorchidism

fertile in 1, 1 still undecended

when to castrate

around 60 days

function of female reproductive system

transport sperm, produce oocyte, facilitate fertilization, give birth, provide nutrients to young

vulva

receptor for penis, passageway for fetus

vagina

organ for copulation, birth canal, mucosal surface changes during estrous cycle

cervix

thick wall extension of uterus, secretes mucous to seal during pregnancy, species specific

function of cervix

barrier to sperm, block bacterial invasion, reservoir for sperm. birth canal

uterus

incubator for ovum

uterine horns

hold the eggs b/c small uterine body

bipartite

cow, sheep, goats; smaller horns & uterine body; implant within 7 days

modified bipartite

mares; large uterine body w/ small horns; floats before implantation

functions of the uterus

capacitation, support development of fetus

after birth the uterus...

shrinks via myometrial contractions and enzymatic activity

corpus luteum

empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell; "yellow body" forms after ovulation

interferon tau

-embryo provides a chemical signal if pregnant

-allows CL to be maintained

-produced by fertilized ovum

-received by uterus

-blocks leuteolysis (ovulation)

oviduct

-open-ended tube from area of ovary to uterus

-passageway for sperm & ovum

-site of fertilization

-takes 3-5 days for ovum to travel down uterus

Graafian follicle

A large, mature, ovarian follicle; Ovulation of the oocyte occurs; produces estrogen to start estrus

follicle

blister-like structure on ovary, contains ovum & high in estrogen-rich fluid

atretic follicle

deteriorated follicle

Cystic follicles

won't go away

zona pelluda

outer shell around egg

luteinizing hormone (LH)

secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation (creates CL); stimulates testosterone production in men; aids in maturation of follicle & spermatozoa

progesterone

A hormone produced by the ovaries; stops estrous & parturition & shrinks CL

Oxytocin

hormone secreted by posterior pituitary and the CL; causes contractions on smooth muscle

Uses of oxytocin

milk let down, uterine contractions during parturition

prostaglandin

secreted by uterine lining to regress the CL

Interferon tau

produced by fertilized ovum, received by uterus, blocks leuteolysis

Gonadatopin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

secreted by hypothalamus, acts on anterior pituitary to release FSH

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

secreted by anterior pituitary and acts upon ovary (need in small amts)

role of FSH

induces follicular development. induces estrogen production, stimulates spermatogenesis

role of inhibin

causes reduction in FSH production by anterior pituitary

role of estrogen

estrus, influence mobility and secretory function in repro tract (milk), early stages development of mammary gland

definition of a hormone

chemical substance secreted into body fluids by 1 cell or cell group and has an effect on other cells

bST (Bovine Somatotropin)

growth hormone that increases milk production, increases size, etc; more efficient production

thyroxine

promotes energy production & oxygen consumption by peripheral tissues, growth, & warmth; thyroid

insulin

from pancreas; stimulates growth by increasing uptake of glucose to tissue

epinephrine

regulates cardio system, mobilize glycogen from liver, mobilize leg muscle; from adrenal medulla

norepinephrine

regulates back to normal; from adrenal medulla

glucocorticoids

anti-inflammatory from adrenal cortex

testosterone

from testes; increased growth rate & feed efficiency,

Expected Progeny Difference (EPD)

A prediction of the difference between the performance of an individual's progeny compared to all contemporaries for the progeny.

ACC

Accuracy values of the EPD; more accurate with more offspring

1st calf heifer

low birth weight (-#)

Scrotal Circumference

~30 cm; how fast daughter will reach puberty

Hyperplasia

increase in # of cells

hypertrophy

increase in cell size

thyroxine