Reproductive Health

Flashcards about reproductive health, population control, and related issues.

Reproductive Health

Healthy reproductive organs with normal functions, including emotional and social aspects.

Family Planning Programs

Action plans initiated in 1951 to attain total reproductive health as a social goal.

Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programs

Programs covering wider reproduction-related areas aimed at building a reproductively healthy society.

Strategies for Reproductive Health

Creating awareness through media, sex education in schools, and dissemination of information by parents and teachers.

Reproductive Health Problems

Problems include myths about sex, uncontrolled population growth, sex abuse, and sex-related crimes.

Successful Implementation of Reproductive Health Programs

Requires strong infrastructure, professional expertise, and material support for medical assistance.

Amniocentesis

Procedure to analyze fetal cells and dissolved substances to test for genetic disorders.

Saheli

A new oral contraceptive for females developed by CDRI in Lucknow, India.

Indicators of Improved Reproductive Health

Improved awareness, medically assisted deliveries, and detection of STDs.

Reasons for Population Increase

Significant improvement in quality of life leading to increased health facilities and better living conditions.

Factors Contributing to Population Explosion

Rapid decline in death rate, MMR, and IMR.

Measures to Check Population Growth

Motivating smaller families, raising marriageable age, and incentives for small families.

Ideal Contraceptive

User-friendly, easily available, effective, reversible, and does not interfere with sexual drive.

Categories of Contraceptive Methods

Natural/traditional, barrier, IUDs, oral contraceptives, injectables, implants, and surgical methods.

Periodic Abstinence

Avoiding coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle.

Withdrawal or Coitus Interruptus

Male partner withdraws penis from vagina before ejaculation.

Lactational Amenorrhea

Ovulation does not occur during intense lactation following parturition.

Barrier Methods

Prevent ovum and sperm from physically meeting.

Condoms

Barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath to cover the penis or vagina.

Diaphragms, Cervical Caps, and Vaults

Barriers inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix.

Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)

Inserted by doctors or nurses in the uterus through the vagina.

Types of IUDs

Non-medicated, copper releasing, and hormone releasing IUDs.

Oral Contraceptives (Pills)

Inhibit ovulation and implantation, and alter the quality of cervical mucus.

Injectables and Implants

Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen as injections or implants.

Emergency Contraceptives

Administration of progestogens, estrogen combinations, or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus.

Sterilization

Surgical intervention to block gamete transport.

Vasectomy

Small part of vas deferens removed or tied up.

Tubectomy

Small part of fallopian tube removed or tied up.

Possible Ill-effects of Contraceptives

Nausea, abdominal pain, breakthrough bleeding, irregular menstrual bleeding, or breast cancer.

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term.

Reasons for MTP

To get rid of unwanted pregnancies or when continuation of pregnancy is harmful.

Safe Period for MTP

Before 12 weeks of pregnancy.

Intention of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2017

Reducing illegal abortions and maternal mortality.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Infections transmitted through sexual intercourse.

Common STIs

Gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, AIDS.

Early Symptoms of STIs

Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swellings in the genital region.

Complications of STIs

Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), abortions, still births, ectopic pregnancies, infertility, or cancer.

Prevention of STIs

Early detection and cure, avoiding sex with multiple partners, and using condoms.

Infertility

Inability to produce children despite unprotected co-habitation.

Reasons for Infertility

Physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunological, or psychological reasons.

Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)

In vitro fertilization (IVF) followed by embryo transfer (ET).

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Ova and sperms are collected and induced to form zygote under simulated conditions.

Embryo Transfer (ET)

Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT) and intra uterine transfer (IUT).

Alternative methods of ART

Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT).

Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

Sperm is directly injected into the ovum.

Artificial Insemination (AI)

Semen introduced into the vagina or uterus.