AP Biology - Cell Communication & Cell Cycle

Vocabulary flashcards for cell communication and cell cycle review.

Cell Wall

An extracellular component that aids in direct cell-cell communication.

Glycolipid

An extracellular component that aids in direct cell-cell communication.

Cytoskeleton

An extracellular component that aids in direct cell-cell communication.

Paracrine Signaling

Signaling where a ligand binds to a nearby cell.

Autocrine Signaling

Signaling where the signal binds to the secreting cell.

Direct Signaling

Signaling via cell-to-cell contact, like a Helper T cell binding to an antigen-presenting cell.

Endocrine Signaling

Signaling where an endocrine cell releases the signal.

Steroid Hormone Receptor

Receptor located intracellularly.

Protein Hormone Receptor

Receptor located in the membrane bound location.

Ligand

A signaling molecule.

Receptor

A molecule that a ligand binds to.

Reception

The first step of signal transduction.

Transduction

The process by which a signal is converted into a cellular response.

Phosphorylation Cascade

A series of protein phosphorylations that occurs during signal transduction.

Secondary Messenger

Small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules or ions that relay a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound to a receptor protein.

Ligand-Gated Receptor

A receptor that opens an ion channel upon ligand binding.

Transcription Factor

A protein that binds to DNA and regulates gene expression.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death.

Competitive Inhibitor

An inhibitor that binds to the active site, inhibiting substrate binding.

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

An inhibitor that inhibits substrate binding by binding elsewhere on the protein.

Negative Feedback

A control mechanism that saves wasteful use of materials and energy.

Positive Feedback

A control mechanism that amplifies the initial stimulus.

G1 Phase

A phase of interphase where the cell grows.

S Phase

A phase of interphase where replication of DNA does occur.

Mitosis

A stage where the nucleus divides.

Cytokinesis

A stage where the cytoplasm divides.

G1 Checkpoint

A restriction point where the cell commits to cell division.

Prophase

A phase of mitosis when sister chromatids pair.

Metaphase

A phase of mitosis that involves sister chromatids on middle plate.

Anaphase

A phase of mitosis that involves single chromatids moving to poles.

Telophase

A phase of mitosis that involves nuclear envelope forming.

M Checkpoint

Checkpoint that inhibits nondisjunction

Kinase

An enzyme that phosphorylates other molecules.

Proto-oncogene

A gene that can mutate into an oncogene.

Oncogene

A gene with the potential to cause caner

Tumor-suppressor Gene

A gene that regulates cell division to prevent formation of tumors.