Disorders of Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

Question-and-Answer flashcards covering vessel structure, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, aneurysms, blood pressure disorders, and related risk factors.

What is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall called?

The tunica intima (endothelium and subendothelial layer).

Which vessel type has thicker walls and higher blood pressure—artery or vein?

Artery.

Arteries and _____ run side by side

Veins

Collapsed artery has a small, ______ lumen (internal space)

Round

Veins have a large, ______ lumen

Flat

True or a false: Artery lining folds

True

True or false: Arteries have more elastic

True

True or false: Veins have valves

True

Name 5 Diseases of the Arterial System

1. Dyslipidemia

2. Artherosclerosis

3. Vasculitis

4. Arterial Disease of the Extremites

5. Arterial Aneurysms

What structural feature prevents back-flow of blood in veins?

Valves in the venous wall.

How does the lumen of a collapsed artery compare with that of a vein?

A collapsed artery has a small, round lumen; a vein has a large, flat lumen.

Name the three major vessel wall layers from inside to outside.

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa.

Which vessel layer contains the smooth muscle that regulates diameter?

Tunica media.

What condition describes an imbalance of blood lipid components?

Dyslipidemia.

List the three main lipid types involved in dyslipidemia.

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol.

What is a 3 fatty acids and a glycerol, and used in energy metabolism?

Triglycerides

What are important structural constituents of lipoproteins, blood clotting components, the myelin sheath, and cell membranes?

Phospholipids

________ has chemical activity similar to other lipid substances

Cholesterol

Hyperlipidemia has elevate levels of _____ , ______ , & ______

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol

What term is used for elevated blood lipid levels?

Hyperlipidemia.

For Chylomicrons (Transport protein), below is ___; high is above ____

150; 200

For VLDL (Transport protein): below ____ ; high is above ___

150; 200

For LDL (transport protein): below _____, high is above _____

100; 160

For HDL (Transport protein): should be between ___

40-60

Total Cholesterol should be below _____ and above ______

200; 240

At what serum cholesterol level (mg/dL) is hypercholesterolemia defined?

240 mg/dL or greater.

Hypercholesterolemia levels could contribute to a

Heart attack, stroke, or other cardiovascular event associated with atherosclerosis

What are the 3 causes of hypercholesterolemia (hyperlipidemia)?

1. Hereditary

2. Nutrition

3. Secondary Dyslipidemia (Metabolic)

Which hereditary disorder involves defective LDL receptors?

Familial hypercholesterolemia.

Which metabolic disease is a common cause of secondary dyslipidemia?

Diabetes mellitus- causes increased lipoprotein levels

What are some manifestations of hypercholesterolemia?

Vascular disease

1. Coronary artery disease (CAD)

2. Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

3. Xanthomas

4. Extremely high levels of Paresthesia, Dyspnea, and confusion

What is xanthomas?

Where extra cholesterol gets pushed in different parts of the body

What is the medical term for “hardening of the arteries”?

Atherosclerosis.

Artherosclerosis is the formation of _______ lesions in the intimate lining of large, medium sized arteries

Fibrofatty

In which vessel layer do fibrofatty plaques of atherosclerosis develop?

The intimal (tunica intima) lining.

Give two non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis.

Increasing age and male gender (others include genetic disorders and family history).

Give two modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis.

Cigarette smoking and hypertension (others: obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes).

Which inflammatory marker, when elevated, signals added atherosclerosis risk?

C-reactive protein (CRP).

What are the 3 type of lesions associated with atherosclerosis?

1. Fatty Streaks

2. Fibrous artheromatous plaque

3. Complicated lesions

What lesion is most common in children first year of life? (Foam cells)

Fatty streaks

What is the basic lesion of clinical atherosclerosis?

Fibrous atheromatous plaque

As the size of the Fibrous artheromatous plaque lesion increases, it begins to

Occlude the vessel and blood flow is reduced

Fibrous Artheromatous Plaque is the accusation of ______, proliferation of ____________, and formation of __________.

Lipids; vascular smooth muscle cells; scare tissue

Hemorrhage, ulceration, and deposition of scar tissue happen in what lesion?

Complicated lesion

True or false: complicated lesion is more advanced.

True

In Complicated lesions, ________ develops due to slowing of blood flow

Thrombus (clot)

What immune-derived cells form “foam cells” in early atheroma?

Macrophages that have ingested LDL.

Major risk factors for artherosclerosis

1. Hypercholesterolemia

2. Cigarette smoking

3. Hypertension

4. Family History of CHD in a first degree relative

5. Age (men above 45; women above 55)

6. HDL cholesterol under 40

7. CRP levels

8. Homocysteine levels

What HDL cholesterol level is considered low-risk and protective?

≥40 mg/dL (risk is ↑ when <40 mg/dL).

List two major complications of atherosclerosis in cerebral arteries.

Stroke and atherosclerotic carotid artery disease.

What vascular event can plaque rupture precipitate?

Thrombosis with possible embolus formation.

Cigar are the 4 clinical manifestations of Atherosclerosis?

1. Narrow vessel, production of ischemia

2. Vessel obstruction from plaque hemorrhage or rupture

3. Thrombosis/emboli from damaged vessel endothelium

4. Aneurysm from weakened vessel wall

Weakening of an arterial wall by atherosclerosis can lead to what condition?

Aneurysm formation.

Which arteries are classically involved in atherosclerosis causing angina or MI?

Coronary arteries.

For atherosclerosis: in ________ the important complications are those of thrombus formation and weakling of the vessel wall

Larger vessels

For atherosclerosis: in ________ arteries, ischemia and infarction, (vessel occlusion are more common)

Medium sized

In atherosclerosis, arteries supplying the what are most frequently involved?

The heart, brain, lower extremities, and small intestines

Define vasculitis.

Inflammation of the blood-vessel wall leading to vascular injury and necrosis.

Name possible initiating factors of inflammation for vasculitis.

Direct injury, infectious agents, or immune processes.

Name 4 Peripheral Vascular Disorders [Arterial disease of the extremities]

1. Acute Arterial Occlusion

2. Atherosclerosis Occlusive Disease

3. Thromboangitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease)

4. Raynad’s Disease

Which peripheral vascular disorder causes disruption of blood flow: thrombus, embolus, trauma?

Acute Arterial Occlusion

Which peripheral vascular disorder is most common in arteries of lower legs, feet and 60-70 yr old males?

Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease

Which peripheral vascular disorder is the vasculitis of medium sized arteries, lower leg, foot, arm, hand; affects mostly males 25-40, and heavy cigarette smokers?

Thromboangitis Obliterans; Buerger’s disease

Which peripheral vascular disorder causes an intense vasospasm of arteries, arterioles in fingers, toes and cause abnormal vasoconstrictions?

Raynaud’s Disease

Raynaud’s disease primarily affects which body part?

The fingers (digital arteries).

What color sequence typifies a Raynaud’s attack?

White (pallor) → blue (cyanosis) → red (hyperemia).

Raynaud’s disease primarily affects

Health young females

What disease is often precipitated by cold or strong emotions and finger cyanosis?

Raynaud’s disease

What term describes any abnormal localized dilation of a vessel?

Aneurysm.

True or false: Aneurysms can occur in veins or arteries.

True

Where are berry aneurysms most commonly located?

In the circle of Willis of the brain.

What do berry aneurysm ps consist of?

A small spherical vessel dilation

Which vessel is the most frequent site of aneurysms?

The aorta (thoracic [fusiform] or abdominal [saccular] segments).

Describe a dissecting aneurysm.

Acute, life threatening condition that involves hemorrhage into the vessel wall with longitudinal tearing, to form a blood-filled channel.

What are 3 disorders of the venous Circulation?

1. Varicose veins

2. Chronic Venous Insufficiency

3. Venous Thrombosis

The 2 Varicose veins are called

Primary 1 superficial vein & secondary 2 deep vein

Which disorder of venous circulation is due to pressure of valves, venous system in leg, excessive standing, obesity, pregnancy, and genetics?

Varicose veins

Which disorder of venous circulation is due to deep vein thrombosis or bad valves?

Chronic venous insufficiency

Which disorder of venous circulation is associated with inflammation response, blood stains, blood coagulability, and vessel wall injury?

Venous Thrombosis

Why must blood pressure be closely regulated?

To ensure adequate perfusion of body tissues and prevent damage to blood vessels.

_____ blood pressure don’t allow tissues to receive sufficient blood flow to the delivery of nutrients and oxygen p, and the removal of waste

Low

_______ blood pressure can damage endothelial tissue; likely causing atherosclerotic vascular disease and vascular rupture.

High

Why must systemic blood pressure be tightly regulated?

To ensure tissue perfusion and prevent vascular damage.

Chronic high blood pressure without identifiable cause is called what?

Essential Idiopathic hypertension.

What is the sustained condition of high blood pressure within the arterial circuit?

Hypertension

What systolic and diastolic ranges define Stage 1 hypertension?

140–159 mm Hg systolic, or 90–99 mm Hg diastolic.

What systolic and diastolic ranges define Stage 2 hypertension?

Systolic blood above or equal to 160, diastolic blood 100 or above

What systolic and diastolic ranges define Prohypertensive?

Systolic blood 120-139, or diastolic blood 80-89

What blood pressure is considered normal in adults?

Name two lifestyle factors that promote essential hypertension.

High salt intake and physical inactivity (also obesity, alcohol, oral contraceptives).

Name two factors that cause essential hypertension.

Genetics, race, diabetes, age

Which renal hormone pathway is central to volume-related hypertension?

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

What is the kidney relation to hypertension?

It’s primary role is to regulate blood pressure and volume

Which autonomic division increases vascular tone in hypertension?

The sympathetic nervous system.

Share some consequences of essential hypertension.

1. Left ventricular hypertrophy- results of increased left heart workload; risk factor for ischemic heart disease

2. CHF, dysrthythmias

3. Renal insufficiency

4. Accelerate other kidney diseases

what are the risk factors of hypertension?

1. Age

2. Gender & Race

3. Family history

4. Dietary Factors

5. Tobacco

6. Alcohol

7. Obesity

List two demographic characteristics that raise hypertension risk.

Advancing age and African-American race (also male gender).

Define malignant hypertension.

A rapidly progressive severe hypertension with diastolic >120 mm Hg causing acute organ damage.