Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Gothic Europe in architecture
Advances in building technology allowed progressively larger windows and ever loftier vaults, supported by exterior buttressing that was more and more streamlined and skeletal.
Gothic was replacing Romanesque forms
Whst kind of view did gothic have
“un refined”.
“barbaric” or lesser than
during the classical revival.
gothic had a barbaric view and doragotary terms. The did not like the pointed arches
goth associated to the germanic invaders
gothic era may also be known as “ age of cathedrals” or “french style”- because the new ones built replaces the one who all burned in the fire
name some architecture pieces from gothic art
Why did the gothic style start?
Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine was the queen of France and married to Louis VII and when married brought France into royal domaine. They divorced and Eleanor reclaimed her lands and married Henry Plantagenet who became king of England , France and England at odds.
french kings increased their domains and privileges and started developing in a small center which then boomed into the new style.
Abbey Church of Saint-Denis
Birth of gothic style, Mostly stain glass windows therefore lets in so much light.
has 7 chapels (plan of the choir), so the whole would shine
Included the flight into Egypt glass Window which is based on a apocryphal Gospel that was not included in the canonical christian scriptures but remains a popular source for 12th cent artist
Eleanor and Louis VII attended consecration
Prototype for new architecture of space and light based on highly adaptable skeletal framework that supported rib vaulting on the points of slender piers
What is rib vaulting
Important for gothic and romanesque period
form of groi vaulting
where diagonal ribs(groins) rest on and are covered by curved moldings called ribs.
ribs forms the skeleton and the webbing(light masonry) formed the skin
Stained glass window process
-for glowing walls
-Glass made by bringing sand and ash to a molten state under intense heat and “staining” it with colour through the addition of metallics oxides
-The molten material was blown and flattened into sheets
-Guided by a cartoon(full-scale drawing) painted on a whitewashed board, the glass painter would cut from these sheets individual shaped that would make up a figural scene or ornamental passage
-Hot iron used for cracking the glass then later refined by chipping away with an iron tool-process called grozing- achieving precise shape
-Vitreous paint made(iron fillings and ground glass suspended in wine or urine) to block light or delineate features. Could be dilutes for modeling washes.
-once painted, pieces of glass was fired into kiln to fuse painting with the glass surface
- pieces assembles together with strips of lead called cames. Continuing into panels on a iron framework.
-Lead used because it is strong enough to hold together but still flexible and with-hold gust of winds.
The cathedral of Notre-Dame at Chartres\
WEST FAÇADE, CHARTRES CATHEDRAL (CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE-DAME)
France. West façade begun c. 1134; cathedral rebuilt after a fire in 1194; building continued to 1260; north spire 1507-1513. [Fig. 17-04]
-A near perfect embodiment of the gothic style
-Reflects the transition from an experimental 12th cent architecture to a mature 13th style
-site of a pre-christian virgin goddess cult, later dedicated to the virgin Mary. One of the oldest and most important shrines in France.
-Relic of virgin Mary cloth when giving birth to Jesus
-west facade has royal portal used for important ceremonies. Flanking openings on the jambs are column statues are kings, queens, and prophets from hebrew bible giving the name “royal portal” Carvings similar to roman
-Bulk of cathedral was constructed after a fire in 1194 but spared royal portal, windows above it, crypt and its relics.
-its staines glass: 22,000 square feet of stained glass across 176 windows has survived. has cluster medallion window ex: The good samaritan window.
-has rode windows
-Fleurs-de-lis appear in the graduated lancets bracketing the base of the rose windows and in. a series of quatrefoils(4-lobed designs)within the rose itself.
What are master Masons
Oversaw all aspects of church construction in. middle ages
-Master mason at Chartres coordinated 400 ppl. Said to place 200 st ones. aday.
-Funding shortages and technical delays meant crews move constantly from jobs to job
-dangerous work
-Some names inscribes on labyrinth on cathedral floors.
-
Chartres Cathedral
PLAN (A) AND INTERIOR LOOKING EAST (B), CHARTRES CATHEDRAL
1194-c. 1220.
-built on principles of saint Denis
-romanesque pilgrimage plan, enlarges sanctuary
-What would become the typical Gothic style:pointed arches and ribbed groin vaults rising from compound piers over rectangular bays
-vaults supported externally by flying buttress system(arched exterior supports countered the lateral thrust of the nave vault and transferd its weights outward, over the side aisles, where it was resolved into and supported by a buttressing pier.
-Paired lancets(tall opening with pointed tops) surmounted by small circular rose windows are created in a technique known as plate tracery(holes in stone of walls then filled with stain glass)
-band between the clerestory and nave arcade was now occupied by a triforium(arcaded wall passageway).
Describe some elements of architecture of gothic church
-built on latin cross plan, transition from nave to choir
-church walls were decorated inside and out with arcades of round or pointed arches, engaged columns and colonnettes, an applied filigree of tracery, and horizontal moldings called stringcourses.
-portal facades were also customarily marked by high, flanking towers or gabled porches ornamented with pinnacles and finials.
what is innovational Reims Cathedral?
Development of bar tracery, which thin stone bars called mullions are inserted into an expansive openings in the wall to form a lacy framework for the stained glass
Villard de Honnecourt
had parchment with 250 drawings including visual details about cathedrals. Thinks he was an architect or master mason. View of curious mind of the 13th cent
AINTE-CHAPELLE
Pari
During rule of Luius IX also known as “court style” for the parisian style in relation to the court of St.Louis
-had relics of crown of thorns of christ
-dominated by stained glass windows on upper floor
-stories are easily legible
-has hemicycle(apse/semicircle interior space) are standard themes relating to the celebration of the mass
Describe France/Paris manuscripts
manuscript mimic stain glass with the design of stacked medallions, columns of superimposed images
-2 vertical strips of painted scenes set against. a mosaiclike field and filled out by half quatrefoils in the interstices
England manuscripts
Secular workshops became popular therefore more demand from students and royals.
The windmill Psalter: interlaced thicket of tendrils and figures. Letter B & E have stories. E-baby splits exposing real mother
England architecture
introduced gothic style m=by traveling master masons and Cistercian and Norman
-salisbury cathedral: like monastic church
Military &domestic architecture:
-STOKESAY CASTLE: secular buildings. Manors became fortified. Country houses equipped with a tower and crenellated rooflines became a status symbol and a necessity. Secure permission to fortify known as “license to crenellate”.
Germany and the holy roman empire
-invented hall church : a type of open, light filled interior space that had appeared in Europe in the early middle ages.With nave and a side aisles of equal height.
-old new synagogue(altneuschul). Medival synagogues was for prayer and communal centers of learning and inspiration for men to read and discuss Torah.2 focal points: shrine for torah scrolls(aron) and raised platform to read from them(brimah)
Germany and the holy roman empire sculptures
creative centers were Rhine river valley and Mosan
shrine of the 3 kings: reliquary of the 3 Magi, shaped in a basilcan church. Lifelike model with drapery
-Ekkehard and Uta: life like. A polychromy(multicolored painting on the surface of sculpture or architecture)
Italy
Artists began to emerge as independent agents due to organizations of prosperous merchants.
New religious orders known as mendicants arose.
The Franciscans were the first, founded by St. Francis of Assisi in 1209.
Followers were called brothers, or friars
-new religious order known as mendicants (begging monks)
sculpture-Nicola Pisano’s Pulpit At Pisa:inscription on a free standing marble pulpit in the Pisa Baptisery
painting-”the greek manner” influenced intalian paintings
Designed to engaged with viewers by appealing to their memories of their own life experiences, with recognizable anecdotal details and emotional figures.
ex: The miracles of the crib at Greccio
set in present, unfolds in gothic church, carved baldacchino shelters the alter at the right.Lets viewer immerse in the scene. Narrative goal of engaging with viewers through references to their own lives.
what is quatrefoil
4 lobed design
ROSE WINDOW AND LANCETS, NORTH TRANSEPT, CHARTRES CATHEDRAL
c. 1230-1235. Stained and painted glass.
larg
-large scale single figure to be seen from afar because of size, bold drawing and colour
-Were easier to “read” in lofty openings
-surmounting 5 lancets
-proclaims the royal heritage of Mary and Jesus and through them the church itself
-central lancet:St-anne hold daughter mary, flanked left to right are figures from Hebre bible leaders
above the center of window is mary and jesu enthrones surrounded by radiating doves,angels, and hebrew bible kings and prophets
gifted from King Louis IX
royal emblem proclaim window in association to king, fleure de lis
fleur de lis also appear in the lancet bracketing the base of the rose in as series of quatrefoil
Castilian device of golden castles on red ground
light from blues and red turn into purple
ROYAL PORTAL, WEST FAÇADE, CHARTRES CATHEDRAL
c. 1145-1155.
royal portal used for important ceremonial purposes
central tympanum
christ enthrone in majesty, returning at the end of time surrounded by 4 evangelist
serene and human instead of hieratic
apostles in 4 groups of 3, fill lintel, and the 24 elders of the apocolypse in archivolt
right portal: incarnation, Mary in early life of christ
left portal: Ascension. Jesu floats to clouds supported by angels
running across all 3 portal of jambs is jesu’s life on earth in small narrative scenes
On jambs are column statues from hebrew bible of kings and queen which give the royal portal its name.
