CH1 - The Basic Science of Therapeutic Modalities

absorption

energy that stimulates a particular tissue to perform its normal function

Arndt-Schultz principle

no reactions or changes can occur in the body if the amount of energy absorbed is not sufficient to stimulate the absorbing tissues

cosine law

optimal radiation occurs when the source of radiation is at right angles to the center of the area being radiated

cryotherapy

a decrease in tissue temperature

diathermy

the application of high-frequency electrical energy used to generate heat in body tissue as a result of the resistance of the tissue to the passage of energy

energy

the capacity of a system for doing work

frequency

the number of cycles or pulses per second

infrared radiation

the portion of the electromagnetic spectrm associated with thermal changes located adjacent to the red portion of the visible light spectrum

inverse square law

the intensity of radiation striking a particular surface varies inversely with the square of the distance from the radiating source

kinetic energy

energy of motion

law of Grotthus-Draper

energy not absorbed by the tissue must be transmitted

mechanical energy

energy acquired by the objects upon which work is done

photon

the energy carrier that composes all electromagnetic radiation

potential energy

stored energy of position

radiation

(1) the process of emitting energy from some source in the form of waves; (2) a method of heat transfer through which heat can be either gained or lost

reflection

the bending back of light or sound waves from a surface that they strike

refraction

the change in direction of a wave or radiation wave when it passes from one medium or type of tissue to another

spectrum

range of visible light colors

thermotherapy

an increase in tissue temperature

transmission

the propagation of energy through a particular biological tissue into deeper tissues

ultraviolet radiation

the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum associated with chemical changes located adjacent to the violet portion of the visible light spectrum

wavelength

the distance from one point in a propagating wave to the same point in the next wave

T/F - Wavelength is defined as the number of cycles per second.

F

T/F - To achieve deeper tissue penetration, the wavelength must be increased.

T

T/F - Continuous shortwave diathermy produces thermal effects.

T

Which of the following is NOT an electromagnetic energy modality?

Ultrasound

Sound or radiation waves that change direction when passing from one type of tissue to another are said to:

Refract

The __________ states that if superficial tissue does not absorb energy, it must be transmitted deeper.

Law of Grotthus-Draper

According to the cosine law, to minimize reflection and maximize absorption, the energy source must be at a _____ angle to the surface.

90 degree

Electrical stimulating currents may produce the following effects:

All of the above

Thermal energy modalities generally affect superficial tissue up to _____ cm deep.

1 cm

Based on their different characteristics, which of the following travels at a greater velocity through human tissue?

Electromagnetic energy

shortwave diathermy, microwave diathermy, infrared lamps, ultraviolet therapy, low-power laser

electromagnetic energy modalities

thermotherapy, cryotherapy

thermal energy modalities

electrical stimulating currents, biofeedback, iontophoresis

electrical energy modalities

ultrasound, extracorporal shockwave therapy

sound energy modalities

intermittent compression, traction, massage

mechanical energy modalities