History summer exam 2025 William 1 - Edward 1

What are two successes of Henry I?

Henry was successful because he valued learning. We know this as he built monastery’s to encourage learning.

He was ruthless. We know this as he killed his brother Robert and refused to hand over his land.

What are two failures of Henry I?

He failed to leave a male heir. We know this as his only son, Henry, drowned in the white ship disaster.

He failed to make everyone keep the oath. We know this as only half the people kept his oath to respect Matilda as a leader.

Give three reasons why Matilda deserved the throne?

1) Everyone swore an oath to support her and if broken that is disobeying the King and God.

2) She had the capability to lead, but no-one wanted a women to be in charge. She had been trained by her father to lead and run the kingdom and she had good education.

3) Even though she was not able to lead battles she could command from the back. She was also the first women to ever own armour.

Give three reasons why Stephen deserved the throne?

1) He was the actual next male to inherit the throne, so technically by law he should’ve taken the throne.

2) He probably had experience with leading battles more than Matilda did since he would have been trained.

3) The public would like him more because he is a man and he probably went to school which means people would know he was well educated.

What are the events of Stephens reign AND the dates?

1135=Henry I died without a son to inherit the throne.

1136-1138= Matilda’s forces invaded Normandy and destroyed many towns and villages.

1141= Matilda defeated Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln.

1141= Stephens forces were helped by the people of London to remove Matilda.

1142-1153= civil war continued for 11 years.

1153= Stephen agreed the peace of Winchester with Matilda’s son, Henry.

1154= Stephen died and Henry II became king.

Give four ways in which the church controlled every day life?

1) Provided shelter and food for travellers.

2) Monks provided healthcare and education.

3) Priests give local news

4) Donate alms to the poor.

Give four different routes to heaven?

1) priest- if you confess your sins to the priest they can tell you how you can be forgiven, you could attend Sunday services called mass.

2)Pilgrimage- A pilgrimage would be a journey to get to a religious person or place. Your priest may tell you to do this to be forgiven. The harder and longer the pilgrimage the worse your sin was.

3) Buying your way to heaven- If you were wealthy enough you could pay the church for your forgiveness.

4)Becoming a monk or nun- You could become a nun or monk to help and be forgiven. Becoming a nun/monk would mean devoting your whole life to God.

Why did Becket and Henry II argue?

1. Thomas Becket was soon made Chancellor after he returned, Henry and Thomas soon became friends

2. When the King travelled abroad Thomas took charge of the Kingdom and since he was friends with the King he managed to become Archbishop of Canterbury.

3. With this responsibility a change came over Thomas, he cast of all his expensive robes and money to the poor and became Henrys formidable opponent

4. Thomas’ attitude caused many arguments between the two and even when Henry tried to put his authority over the church Thomas went against it.

5. This worsened until eventually Thomas fled but still made a nuisance of himself by writing angry letters to the Kings supporters.

6. After years the two finally made peace but soon after Thomas returned they were already quarrelling again. Thomas started to excommunicate the Kings supporters from the church.

Recall the main events of Beckets murder?

1. The king sent four knights to sail to England to kill Thomas

2. They find Thomas in the cathedral where he was calm and told them that he was prepared to die but as long as his followers weren’t punished

3. With this final defiance the knights struck Thomas but it was deflected by Edward Grim (the last of the Archbishops supporters)

4. They continued to strike the now dead Thomas, as a knight dug his sword deep into the bloody wounds

5. Thomas then lay dead on the alter steps of the cathedral.

6. When this news reached the King he locked himself in his room for days and when he returned to England he let each bishop whip him five times over Thomas’ grave.

7. His shrine became a popular destination for pilgrims for many centuries.

Give three reasons why people went on crusade?

1) As a punishment- People would go on crusade if they had committed a crime against the church.

2) To get to heaven- People would go on crusade because the pope told them they would immediately go to heaven no matter what they had done.

3) To reclaim the Holy Land for Christians- People would go on crusade to reclaim the holy land for Christians in the future, so they can travel there safely.

What were the main events of the Third Crusade?

1. Richard’s fleet arrived at the city of Acre, which was held by the Saracens.

2. King Philip of France had arrived 6 weeks before.

3. The Christians (led by Duke Leopold of Austria) were besieging Acre for 2 years.

4. New determination to the siege caused Richard use giant catapults to shower the enemy’s.

5. Within weeks Acre surrendered (causing the trouble to start)

6. Armies marched to take possession of the city, and so Leopold flew his flag beside Philip and Richard as a sign to share the spoils of the war

7. Richard didn’t recognise his and tore down Leopold’s flag.

8. Leopold sailed home in anger, but soon Philip and Richard quarrelled and Philip returned home too.

9. Saladin failed to meet a payment deadline for the surrender of the city and so Richard ordered the execution of 2,700 Saracen prisoners (who had been taken to Acre)

Give three reasons why the barons were angry with John?

1)The barons rebelled against John because he insulted the church, and had quarrels with the pope. The barons strongly disagreed and thought that King John should have treated the church fairly.

2) The barons thought that King John was untrustworthy. This was because King John couldn’t keep his word. For example King John went against the magna carter and had a tendency to lie.

3)The barons rebelled against John because he made them pay too much for inheriting family land, he made them pay more than they even earned from the land itself. The barons didn’t find this fair.

Give three clauses from the magna carta?

1) The English church shall be free to choose its own bishops and archbishops.

20) People found guilty in a court of law will not have to pay huge fines for small crimes.

49) The king will immediately return all the hostages he took to make people support him.

Give six symptoms of the Black Death?

1)Black spots all over body

2) Fever and feeling hot and sweaty

3) Boils all over body

4)Death

5) Diarrhoea

6) Bad breath

Give three treatments for the Black Death?

1) Try and pop the boils with a splint or needle

2) Praying to God

3) Making soothing potions or mixtures of herbs

Give four causes of the peasants revolt?

1)Bampton lifted the females skirts to see if they were women who had to pay the poll ttax. This made the villagers angry and they rioted.

2) If a workman asked for a wage rise they would be outlawed or branded. This made the workers angry.

3) The rebels asked wat Tyler to be their leader. He was an ex-soldier and a good leader.

4) England had been ruled by a boy-king, this caused the government to be weak and so the peasants felt they had more chance of success.