Biology Matters: Transport in Humans

Flashcards covering the components of blood, blood groups, vessel adaptations, the cardiac cycle, and coronary heart disease based on the Chapter 6 Transport in Humans lecture.

What is the yellowish liquid component of blood that contains mainly water and carries blood cells, nutrients, hormones, and excretory products?

Plasma

What protein found in red blood cells can combine reversibly with oxygen?

Haemoglobin

What is formed when haemoglobin in the red blood cells combines with oxygen in the lungs?

Oxyhaemoglobin

Which cells are biconcave, flexible, and transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body?

Red Blood Cells

What process involves phagocytes engulfing and destroying pathogens such as bacteria?

Phagocytosis

Which white blood cells produce antibodies to recognize and destroy pathogens or neutralize toxins?

Lymphocytes

What are white blood cells with a bean-shaped, lobed nucleus that carry out phagocytosis of foreign particles called?

Phagocytes

What are cytoplasm fragments that contain the enzyme thrombin and help in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin for blood clotting?

Platelets

What are insoluble threads that entangle blood cells to form a clot, sealing wounds and preventing excessive blood loss?

Fibrin

What is the immune response where the recipient's white blood cells recognize a donated organ as foreign?

Tissue Rejection

What are special proteins found on the surface of red blood cells that can provoke an immune response called?

Antigens

What proteins produced by white blood cells found in the plasma react with specific antigens?

Antibodies

What is the clumping of blood cells that occurs when a donor's antigens react with a recipient's antibodies?

Agglutination

Who is considered a universal donor in blood groups?

A person with blood group O

Who is considered a universal acceptor in blood groups?

A person with blood group AB

What type of blood vessel has thick, muscular, and elastic walls that transport blood away from the heart?

Artery

What type of blood vessel has thinner walls and valves that transport blood back toward the heart?

Vein

What microscopic, one-cell thick blood vessel facilitates the exchange of substances between blood and tissue cells?

Capillary

What structures found in veins and the heart prevent the backflow of blood?

Valves

What is the colourless fluid that fills the spaces between cells and transports dissolved substances?

Tissue Fluid

What type of circulatory system involves blood passing through the heart twice in one complete circuit?

Double Circulation

What is the thick muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart called?

Median Septum

What are the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood and force it into the ventricles?

Atria

What are the lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out of the heart?

Ventricles

What valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

Tricuspid Valve

What valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

Bicuspid Valve

What cord-like tendons, also known as 'heartstrings,' prevent the tricuspid and bicuspid valves from inverting?

Chordae Tendineae

What phase of the cardiac cycle occurs when the heart muscles contract to force blood out of the heart?

Systole

What phase of the cardiac cycle occurs when the heart muscles relax, allowing chambers to fill with blood?

Diastole

What is the main artery that transports oxygenated blood from the left ventricle at high pressure?

Aorta

What blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

Pulmonary Artery

What blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

Pulmonary Vein

What condition is characterized by the deposition of fat on the inner walls of coronary arteries?

Atherosclerosis

What condition results from blood flow to the heart muscle being blocked or reduced?

Coronary Heart Disease

What device is used to measure blood pressure?

Sphygmomanometer