Chapter 15: Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Frederick William

________ profited from ongoing European war and the threat of invasion from Russia when he argued for the need for a permanent standing army.

English civil war

The ________ (1642- 1649) pitted the power of the king against that of the Parliament.

Louis XIV

________ wrote that "the character of a conqueror is regarded as the noblest and highest of titles ..

Istanbul

________ (known outside the empire by its original name, Constantinople) was the capital of the empire.

Mercantilism

________ is a collection of governmental policies for the regulation of economic activities by and for the state.

Civil wars

________ between Protestants and Catholics had wracked France since 1561.

Central Asia

The Ottomans came out of ________ as conquering warriors, settled in Anatolia (present- day Turkey), and, at their peak in the mid- sixteenth century, ruled one of the most powerful empires in the world.

definite shape

Taking ________ in Italy after 1600, the baroque style in the visual arts developed with exceptional vigor in Catholic countries- in Spain and Latin America, Austria, southern Germany, and Poland.

Ferdinand II

________ (r. 1619- 1637) drastically reduced the power of the Bohemian Estates, the largely Protestant representative assembly.

Trade

________ and commerce brought the Dutch the highest standard of living in Europe, perhaps in the world.

Ferdinand III

________ (r. 1637- 1657) continued to build state power.

Louis

________ further revolutionized court life by establishing an elaborate set of etiquette rituals to mark every moment of his day, from waking up and dressing in the morning to removing his clothing and retiring at night.

Europe

The Mongols, a group of nomadic tribes from presentday Mongolia, established an empire that, at its height stretched from Korea to eastern ________.

Richelieu

________ did not aim to wipe out Protestantism in the rest of Europe, however.

Peter Paul Rubens

In painting, the baroque reached maturity early with ________ (1577- 1640), the most outstanding and most representative of baroque painters.

Spain

In 1640 ________ faced serious revolts in Catalonia and Portugal.

Cromwell

________ adopted mercantilist policies similar to those of absolutist France.

Navigation Act

He enforced a(n) ________ (1651) requiring that English goods be transported on English ships.

Charles

________ was found guilty and beheaded on January 30, 1649, an act that sent shock waves around Europe.

Armand Jean du Plessis

In 1628 ________- Cardinal Richelieu (1585- 1642)- became first minister of the French crown.

England

In ________, the revolution represented the final destruction of the idea of divine- right monarchy.

Grand Alliance

In 1701 the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians formed the ________ against Louis XIV.

1680s

The wars of the ________ and 1690s brought no additional territories but placed unbearable strains on French resources.

1648 Peace of Westphalia

The ________ that ended the Thirty Years War marked a turning point in European history.

Bohemia

The first, or ________, phase (1618- 1625) was characterized by civil war in ________ between the Catholic League and the Protestant Union.

Agricultural land

________ was the personal hereditary property of the sultan, and peasants paid taxes to use the land.

Parliament

The revolution placed sovereignty in ________, and ________ represented the upper classes.

Queen Elizabeth

In 1588 ________ I of England (r. 1558- 1603) exercised very great personal power; by 1689 the English monarchy was severely circumscribed.

Russia

After a long war, ________ gained land in Ukraine from Poland in 1667 and completed the conquest of Siberia by the end of the century.

late sixteenth century

In the ________ the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands fought for and won their independence from Spain.

Glorious Revolution

The ________ and the concept of representative government found its best defense in political philosopher John Lockes Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690)

French

________ became the language of polite society and international diplomacy, gradually replacing Latin as the language of scholarship and learning.

Philip III

________ (r. 1598- 1621), a melancholy and deeply pious man, handed the running of the government over to the duke of Lerma, who used it to advance his personal and familial wealth.

Richelieus maneuvers

________ allowed the monarchy to maintain power within Europe and within its own borders despite the turmoil of the Thirty Years War.

Philip IV

________ (r. 1621- 1665) left the management of his several kingdoms to Gaspar de Guzmán, Count- Duke of Olivares.

two hundred year period of rule

The ________ by the Mongol khan (king) set the stage for the rise of absolutist Russia.

consolidation of serfdom

Between 1500 and 1650 the ________ in eastern Europe was accompanied by the growth of commercial agriculture, particularly in Poland and eastern Germany.

Popular revolts

________ were extremely common in England, France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy during the Thirty Years War.

inventive Johann Sebastian Bach

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination almost a century later in the dynamic, soaring lines of the endlessly ________ (1685- 1750)

Westerners

For Peter, modernization meant ________, and both ________ and ________ ideas flowed into Russia for the first time.

Ottoman Empire

The ________ was built on a unique model of state and society.

Ivans reign

________ was successful in defeating the remnants of Mongol power, adding vast new territories to the realm, and laying the foundations for the huge, multiethnic Russian empire.

Thirty Years War

The ________ was the most destructive event for the central European economy and society prior to the world wars of the twentieth century.

Louis XIV

________ was also an enthusiastic patron of the arts, commissioning many sculptures and paintings for Versailles as well as performances of dance and music.

Louis

________ personally supervised the siege of La Rochelle, an important port city and a major commercial center with strong ties to Protestant Holland and England.

Cromwell

On the issue of religion, ________ favored some degree of toleration, and the Instrument of Government gave all Christians except Roman Catholics the right to practice their faith.

Charles

________ had ruled from 1629 to 1640 without Parliament, financing his government through extraordinary stopgap levies considered illegal by most English people.

Ottoman Empire

The ________ recognized Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, and Muslims as distinct millets, but despite its tolerance, the empire was an explicitly Islamic state.