Arch/Assembly Final Exam

Includes questions from the problem sets of chapter 1-15

opcode

The ________ specifies the operation to be performed.

high-level language

A(n) _________ expresses operations in a concise algebraic form using variables.

memory

There must be ________ instructions for moving data between memory and the registers.

Logic

"________ instructions operate on the bits of a word as bits rather than as numbers, providing capabilities for processing any other type of data the user may wish to employ."

Arithmetic

_________ instructions provide computational capabilities for processing number data.

I/O

_______ instructions are needed to transfer programs and data into memory and the results of computations back out to the user.

integer

"The x86 data type that is a signed binary value contained in a byte, word, or doubleword, using twos complement representation is _________."

data transfer

The most fundamental type of machine instruction is the _________ instruction.

skip

The _________ instruction includes an implied address.

called from more than one location, appear in a procedure, and is matched by a return in the call program

A procedure can be:

stack frame

"The entire set of parameters, including return address, which is stored for a procedure invocation is referred to as a _________."

machine instructions

"The operation of the processor is determined by the instructions it executes, referred to as _________ or computer instructions."

instruction set

The collection of different instructions that the processor can execute is referred to as the processor's _________.

processor register

"Source and result operands can be in one of four areas: main or virtual memory, immediate, I/O device, and _________."

mnemonics

"Opcodes are represented by abbreviations, called __________ that indicate the operation. "

data movement

"Instruction types can be categorized as: data processing, data storage, control, and ________."

stack

"Zero-address instructions are applicable to a special memory organizations called a _________, which is a last-in-first-out set of locations."

logical data

"The most important general categories of data are: addresses, numbers, characters, and _________."

ASCII

"Today the most commonly used character code is the IRA, referred to in the United States as _____________."

immediate addressing

The advantage of _______ is that no memory reference other than the instruction fetch that is required to obtain the operand.

direct

The principal advantage of ___________ addressing is that it is a very simple form of addressing.

Indirect addressing

"__________ has the advantage of large address space, however it has the disadvantage of multiple memory references."

register

The advantages of _________ addressing are that only a small address field is needed in the instruction and no time-consuming memory references are required.

Displacement addressing

"__________ has the advantage of flexibility, but the disadvantage of complexity."

indexing

"For _________, the address field references a main memory address and the referenced register contains a positive displacement from that address."

postindexing

Indexing performed after the indirection is __________.

immediate

"For the _________ mode, the operand is included in the instruction."

immediate

The only form of addressing for branch instructions is _________ addressing.

number of operands, number of register sets, and address range

Which of the following interrelated factors go into determining the use of the addressing bits?

PDP-11

The _________ was designed to provide a powerful and flexible instruction set within the constraints of a 16-bit minicomputer.

32

All instructions in the ARM architecture are __________ bits long and follow a regular format.

memory management unit

The actual mapping to a physical address is a function of the _________ and is invisible to the programmer.

immediate

The simplest form of addressing is __________ addressing.

direct addressing

"Not common on contemporary architectures, ___________ requires only one memory reference and no special calculation, but provides only a limited address space."

register indirect

"Just as register addressing is analogous to direct addressing, ________ addressing is analogous to indirect addressing."

displacement addressing

"A very powerful mode of addressing, __________ combines the capabilities of direct addressing and register indirect addressing, requiring that the instruction have two address fields, at least one of which is explicit."

Autoindexing

__________ is when the increment or decrement of the index register after each reference to it is done automatically as part of the same instruction cycle.

stack

"Sometimes referred to as a pushdown list or last-in-first-out queue, a __________ is a linear array of locations."

instruction format

"A(n) __________ defines the layout of the bits of an instruction in terms of its constituent fields, must include an opcode and, implicitly or explicitly, zero or more operands."

Thumb

The __________ instruction set is designed to increase the performance of ARM implementations that use a 16-bit or narrower memory data bus and to allow better code density than provided by the ARM instruction set.

assembler

Programs written in assembly language are translated into machine language by an _________.

binary

If a programmer wished to program directly in machine language it would be necessary to enter the program as ________ data.

rapid

Computer technology is changing at a ______ pace

architecture

Computer _____ refers to those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program

I/O mechanisms

Architectural attributes include ____

Organizational

_____ attributes include hardware details transparent to the programmer

organizational

It is an ____ issue whether the multiply instruction will be implemented by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism that makes repeated use of the add unit of the system

peripheral

An I/O device is referred to as a ____

data communications

When data are moved over longer distances, to or from a remote device, the process is known as _____

main memory

The ____ stores data

I/O

The ____ moves data between the computer and its external environment

system bus

A common example of system interconnection is by a means of a ______

system interconnection

A ____ is a mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O

Registers

____ provide storage internal to the CPU

ALU

The ____ performs the computers data processing functions

organizational

Control signals, interfaces between the computer and peripherals, and the memory technology used are all examples of ____ attributes

architectural

The instruction set, the number of bits used to represent various data types, I/O mechanisms and techniques for addressing memory are all examples of ____ attributes

Function

____ is the operation of each individual component as part of the structure

data storage

The basic functions that a computer can perform are: data processing, data movement, control, and _____

I/O

When data are received from or delivered to a device that is directly connected to the computer, the process is known as _____

CPU

The four main structural components of the computer are: main memory, I/O, system interconnection, and _____

CPU

Often referred to as processor the ____ controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions

system bus

A common example of system interconnection is by means of a ____, consisting of a number of conducting wires to which all the other components attach

ALU

The major structural components of the CPU are: control unit, register, CPU interconnection, and _______

Microprogrammed

A _____ control unit operates by executing mircoinstructions that define the functionality of the control unit

Control unit

The ______ controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer

superscalar execution

Multiple parallel pipelines are used in ____

image processing, speech recognition, videoconferencing

The desktop applications that require the great power of today’s microprocessor-based systems include ______

Branch prediction

_____ potentially increases the amount of work available for the processor to execute

main memory

The interface between processor and _____ is the most crucial pathway in the entire computer because it is responsible for carrying a constant flow of program instructions and data between memory chips and the processor

cache

The _____ is a relatively small fast memory interposed between a larger, slower memory, and the logic that accesses the larger memory

more rapidly

An increase in clock rate means that individual operations are executed ____

GPU

A _____ is a core designed to perform parallel operations on graphics data

Arithmetic

An ____ Mean is a good candidate for comparing the execution time performance of several systems

Amdahl’s

____ law deals with the potential speedup of a program using multiple processors compared to a single processor

clock cycle

One increment, or pulse, of a clock is referred to as a _____

multicore

The use of multiple processors on the same chip is referred to as ____ and provides the potential to increase performance without increasing the clock rate

Geometric

With respect to changes in values, the ____ Mean gives equal weight to all of the values in the data set

speed metric

The ____ measures the ability of a computer to complete a single

throughput

A measurement of how many tasks a computer can accomplish in a certain amount of time is called a _____

Pipelining

____ enables a processor to work simultaneously on multiple instructions by performing a different phase for each of the multiple instructions at the same time

Superscalar execution

_____ is the ability to issue more than one instruction in every processor clock cycle

GPU

Traditionally found on a plug-in graphic card, a _____ is used to encode and render 2D and 3D graphics as well as process video

geometric

The three common formulas used for calculating a mean are arithmetic, harmonic, and _____

harmonic

The ___ Mean used for a time-based variable, such as program execution time, has the important property that it is directly proportional to the total time

benchmark

A ____ suite is a collection of programs, defined in high-level language, that together attempt to provide a representative test of a computer in a particular application or system programming area

Hertz

At the most fundamental level, the speed of a processor is dictated by the pulse frequency produced by the clock, measured in cycles per second, or ____

John von Neumann

Virtually all contemporary computer designs are based on concepts developed by ___ at the Institute for Advance Studies, Princeton

data and instructions are stored in a single read-write memory, the contents of this memory are addressable by location, execution occurs in sequential fashion

The von Neumann architecture is based on which concept?

software

A sequence of codes or instructions is called _____

instruction

The processing required for single instruction is called an ___ cycle

hardware failure interrupt

A ______ is generated by failure such as power failure or memory parity error

program interrupt

A ______ is generated by some condition that occurs as a result of an instruction execution

memory to processor, processor to memory, I/O to or from memory

The interconnection structure must support which transfer?

system bus

A bus that connects major computer components (processor, memory, I/O) is called _____

address lines

The _____ are used to designate the source or destination of the data on the data bus

data bus

The data lines provide a path for moving data among system modules and are collectively called the _____

protocol

A _____ is the high-level set of rules for exchanging packets of data between devices

lane

Each data path consists of a pair of wires (referred to as a _____) that transmits data one bit at a time

transaction layer

The ____ receives read and write requests from the software above the TL and creates request packets for transmission to a destination via the link layer