Human A&P - Exam 4

how many chambers does the heart have

4

how many valves does the heart have

4

middle cavity of thoracic cavity

mediastinum, central core (besides lungs)

name A

name B

name C

visceral pericardium

name D

pericardial cavity filled with pericardial fluid

which circuit carries blood to respiring bodily tissues from the heart through the body

systemic circuit, carries oxygenated blood from left to heart; returns deoxygenated blood from tissues to right side.

• pathway; left ventricle, aorta, body tissues, venae cavae, right atrium

layers of the pericardium

outer to inner; fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous, pericardial cavity, visceral layer of serous

pericardial cavity/serous fluid in the cavity

pericardial activity; space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium, contains serous fluid - reduces friction as the heart beats

layers of the heart wall

superficial to deep; epicardium (outer), myocardium (cardiac muscle; thick middle), endocardium (inner lining of heart chambers)

visceral pericardium and epicardium

are the same thing

which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood

right

which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood

left

serous fluid in the pericardial sac (pericardium) within the pericardial cavity

example of an interstitial fluid

parietal and visceral pericardial membranes

continuous with each other and make up one membrane with two contact surfaces in relation to the heart

functions of the heart

generates blood pressure to move blood through vessels, pumps blood through pulmonary circuit to lungs/systemic circuit to body, maintains blood flow to deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones and removes wastes

inflammation of the serous and fibrous membranes surrounding the heart

pericarditis

what system is the cardiovascular circulatory system

closed circulatory system; blood remains within blood vessels/heart, circulates through arteries, capillaries, and veins

what system is the lymphatic circulatory system

open circulatory system; not confined to a complete loop of vessels, interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries and returns to the bloodstream

AV-bundle

bundle of his; passes through hole in cardiac skeleton to reach inter-ventricular septum

AV-node

atrioventricular node; medial to the right atrioventricular valve, action potentials conduct more slowly here than in any other part of the system, ensures ventricles receive signal to contract after atria have.

left/right bundle branches

extend beneath endocardium to apices of right and left ventricles, carry impulses down the interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart

SA-node

sinoatrial node; medial to opening of superior vena cava (pacemaker), specialized cardiac muscle cells, generate spontaneous action potentials, pass to atrial muscle cells to the AV node

• initiates each heartbeat

purkinje fibers

large diameter cardiac muscle with few myofibrils, many gap junctions, conduct action potential to ventricular muscle cells

• distribute impulses throughout the walls, causing ventricular contraction

p-wave

depolarization of atrial myocardium and signals onset of atrial contraction

• atrial depolarization

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization and signals onset of ventricular contraction, repolarization of atria simultaneously

• ventricular depolarization

t-wave

repolarization of ventricles precedes ventricular relaxation

• ventricular repolarization

r-wave

largest upward deflection of the QRS complex; represents the main phase of ventricular depolarization

what small, ear-like flaps of the heart fill with blood when the atria are topped off

auricles (atrial appendages)

functions of peripheral circulation

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, removes CO2 and wastes, transports hormones, helps regular body temperature

what the systemic blood vessel do

carry blood btwn the heart and body tissues, deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells, return blood from tissues back to the heart

examples of elastic arteries

aorta, pulmonary trunk, common carotid arteries

• stretch and recoil to help maintain blood flow

examples of muscular arteries

radial artery, brachial artery, femoral artery, coronary artery

• distribute blood to specific organs and tissues

examples of distributing arteries

brachial artery, radial artery, femoral artery

• essentially for muscular arteries

examples of venules

collect blood from capillary beds, drain into veins

examples of vein types

small, medium, large veins

• return blood to heart

blood vessels

elastic/muscular arteries, distributing arteries, venules, veins

which arteries are able to dilate and constrict

muscular arteries and arterioles

• contain smooth muscle, can undergo vasodilation (widening), vasoconstriction (narrowing), help regulate blood pressure and blood flow

location and names of A

location and names of B

what layer of blood vessel is B composed of

functions of arteries

carry blood away from the heart, carry oxygenated blood

functions of arterioles

very small arteries leading into capillaries

• transport blood from small arteries to capillaries, smallest of the arteries where the three tunics can still be differentiated, capable of vasoconstriction and dilation

functions of veins

carry blood toward the heart, carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

functions of venules

smallest of veins - drain capillary networks

• endothelial cells and basement membrane with few smooth muscle cells, as diameter increases, amount of smooth muscles increases

which blood vessels have no smooth muscle in their walls

capillaries, walls consists of one layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane

pericapillary cells, what, where, examples

cells that surround capillaries and small venules, wrapped around the outside of capillaries

• regulate blood flow, stabilize capillary walls, aid in tissue repair

EX : pericytes, smooth muscle cells around small vessels

continuous

no gaps between endothelial cells, no fenestrations, less permeable to large molecules than other capillary types

• muscle, nervous tissue, especially in brain, blood, barrier

fenestrated

have pores, endothelial cells have numerous fenestrae (areas where cytoplasm is absent and plasma membrane is made of thin, porous diaphragm, highly permeable

• intestinal villi, ciliary process of eye, choroid plexus in ventricles of brain, glomeruli of kidneys

sinusoidal

large diameter with large fenestra, less basement membrane

• endocrine glads (large molecules cross their walls)

sinusoids

large diameter sinusoidal capillaries, sparse basement membrane

• liver, bone marrow

venous sinuses

are similar in structure but even larger

• spleen

large, insoluble lipids are absorbed by ___________________ and delivered to the circulatory system via the __________________ system

lacteals, lymphatic

lymph

interstitial fluid that entered lymphatic capillaries

• clear fluid; water, proteins, white blood cells, fat absorbed from digestive tract

percentage/examples of intracellular fluids

about 2/3, 67% of total body water, fluid inside cells

• interstitial fluid around body cells, serous fluid, lymph

percentage/examples of extracellular fluids

about 1/3, 33% of total body water, fluid outside cells

• blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph, synovial fluid

defense

houses lymphocytes, filters pathogens, initiates immune response

fat absorption

absorbs dietary fats though lacteals in the small intestine, transports fats to the bloodstream

fluid balance

returns excess interstitial fluid and leaked proteins to the bloodstream, helps prevent edema (swelling)

formation of lymph

interstitial fluid enters lymphatic capillaries, once inside referred to as lymph

lymph

interstitial fluid that has entered lymphatic capillaries

• returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream and transports immune cells and fats

lymphatic vessel

thin-walled vessels that transport lymph towards the heart, contain one-way valves to prevent backflow

lymphatic tissue

connective tissue rich in lymphocytes and other immune cells

• immune defense

EX : lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

lymphatic nodules

non-encapsulated found inside and outside of lymph nodes

EX : appendix, tonsils

lymph nodes

encapsulated

• located throughout the body; superficial and deep about 600-800, bean shaped clustered in groups

tonsils

lymphatic tissue located around the pharynx, help trap pathogens entering through the mouth and nose

spleen

encapsulated, largest single mass of tissue, with dense connective tissue

thymus

lacteals, T cell maturation

• most active during childbirth

lymphatic ducts

large vessels that return lymph to the blood stream

• right lymphatic duct - drains right upper body

• thoracic duct - drains the rest of the body

both empty into the subclavian veins

lacterals

specialized lymphatic capillaries in the villi of the small intestine, absorb dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins

enzymes

cells/tissue

hormones

endocrine glands

ions

blood plasma

water

blood plasma (filtered from capillaries into tissues)

red pulp

contains; red blood cells, macrophages

• removes old or damaged RBC, filters blood, stores platelets

while pulp

contains; lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)

• immune response, produces antibodies and fights infection

lymphatic vessel valves

one-way valves

• prevent backflow of lymph, ensure lymph flows towards the heart

lymphatic drainage areas

thoracic duct, drains 75% of the body’s lymph

• left side of head/neck, left upper limb, left thorax, entire lower body

lymph nodes (alt name)

junctional filters

• filter lymph, removes pathogens/debris, house lymphocytes/macrophages

peyer’s patches

aggregates of lymphatic nodules, located in the ileum (last part of small intestine), composed of lymphocytes

• monitor intestinal bacteria, protect against pathogens entering through the digestive tract

chyle

milky white lymph, rich in absorbed fats (triglycerides), found in lacteals after digestion

other lymph

clear or pale yellow, contains less fat

properties of lymph

derived from interstitial fluid, clear to pale yellow

• contains; water, proteins, electrolytes, lymphocytes, hormones, enzymes, fats

direction of lymph flow

peripheral tissues through lymph nodes, into lymphatic ducts into large veins in the thorax (subclavian veins)

lymphatic fluid collected from the upper right side of the head would enter the venous circulation through the __________

right lymphatic duct into the right subclavian vein

primary functions of the tonsils

trap bacteria and viruses entering the mouth of nose, produce lymphocytes, initiate immune response

primary functions of the spleen

filters blood, removed old RBC, stores platelets/blood, houses lymphocytes, initiates immune response

functions of the respiratory system

gas exchange (oxygen and CO2), supplies oxygen to blood, removes CO2, produces voice, assists in pH balance, filters, warms, and humidifies inhaled air, enables the sense of smell

respiration ensures that ________________ enters the body and that _________________ exits the body

oxygen, carbon dioxide

the ____________________ is the vocalization structure of the respiratory system

larynx (voice box)

the ____________________ is a common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems

pharynx

the larynx is the air passageway between the _____________________ and the ___________________

pharynx and trachea

the ____________________ is a membranous tube reinforced by C-shaped cartilage; it is attached to the larynx and extends into the mediastinum

trachea

the __________________ are branched from the trachea that insert into the lungs

primary (main) bronchi

how many lobes the lung has

right lung; 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)

left lung; 2 lobes (superior, inferior)

which lung has the cardiac notch

left lung, it has 2 lobes for space occupied by the heart

respiratory membrane

thin barrier where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the alveoli and the blood

• 4 layers (alveolar epithelium), fused basement membranes, capillary basement membrane, capillary endothelium

• allows rapid diffusion of oxygen into the blood and CO2 into the alveoli

eupnea

normal, quiet breathing

orthopnea

difficulty breathing while lying flat, improved by siting or standing upright