Exam 3 Review

Functions of the pelvic girdle (3)

• Transfers weight of upper body from axial to lower appendicular skeleton for standing and walking

• Withstands compression

• Houses and protects pelvic viscera

Bones forming the pelvic girdle

• Right and left hip bones

  • Ilium, ischium, pubis

• Sacrum

  • Five sacral vertebrae

Greater/lesser or false/true pelvis, and organs in each

Greater

• Superior pelvic inlet

• Bounded by abdominal wall (anterior)

• Ilium (laterally)

• L5 and S1 (posteriorly)

• Sigmoid colon, loops of ilium

Lesser

• Between inlet and outlet

• Urinary bladder and reproductive organs

• Bounded by hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx

Major differences between male and female pelvis (5 each)

Male

• Thick and heavy

• Heart shaped pelvic inlet

• Narrow 70 degree

• Round foramen

• Large acetabulum

Female

• Thin and light

• Oval or rounded pelvic inlet

• Wide 80 degree

• Ovaled foramen

• Small acetabulum

4 ligaments of the pelvic girdle

• Sacro-iliac

• Pubic symphysis

• Lumbosacral

• Sacrococcygeal

Muscles covering lateral and posterior pelvic walls

Antero-inferior

Lateral

• Obturator internus muscles

Posterior

• Sacrum and coccyx

• Musculoligamentous posterolateral walls

• Piriformis muscle

• Sacroiliac joints

Muscles covering pelvic floor

Levator ani

• Puborectalis

• Puboccoccygeous

• Iliococcygeus

Coccygeus

Urinary system organs and major functions (3)

Ureters : Carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

Urinary bladder : Temporarily stores urine

Urethra : Conducts urine from urinary bladder to the exterior

Regions of lower limbs (6)

Gluteal- Transitional zone between trunk and free lower limbs

Femoral- Thigh, connects hip and knee joints

Knee- Distal femur and proximal tibia and fibula

Leg- Connects the knee and ankle joints

Ankle or talocrural- Narrow distal leg and ankle joint

Foot- Tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges

Bones forming the hip (3)

• Ilium: Superior and largest

• Ischium: Posteroinferior part of acetabulum and hip bone

• Pubis: Anterior part of acetabulum and the anteromedial part of hip bone

Where does the head of femur attach to the hip bone?

Acetabulum: Cup-like socket in pelvis

Proximal (3) and distal (2) landmarks of the femur

Proximal

• Head

• Neck

• Greater and lesser trochanters

Distal

• 2 Femoral condyles (medial/lateral)

Muscles forming the quadriceps (4)

• Rectus femoris

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus intermedius

• Vastus medialis

Tendons attaching to muscles forming quadriceps

Quadriceps femoris tendon

Muscles forming iliopsoas

Joined psoas major and iliacus

Femoral triangle contents (4)

Femoral nerve

Femoral artery

Femoral vein

Femoral canal

Femoral triangle boundaries

Inguinal ligament (superior)

Adductor longus (medial)

Sartorius (lateral)

Most superficial muscle in gluteal region

Gluteus maximus

Main actions of: Gluteal minimus (3), medius (2), and maximus (2)

Minimus

1. Abducts femur at hip joint

2. Holds pelvis secure over stance leg and prevents pelvic drop on the opposite swing during walking

3. Medially rotates thigh

Medial

1. Medially rotates hip joint

2. Keeps pelvis level when opposite limb is elevated

Maximus

1. Extends hip joint between flexed and standing positions and assists in its lateral rotation

2. Steadies thigh and assists in rising from the sitting position

Muscles of posterior thigh (4)

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Biceps femoris

Popliteal fossa

Main actions of muscles of posterior thigh (3,2,2)

Biceps femoris

1. Flexes leg at the knee joint

2. Extends and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint

3. Laterally rotates leg at the knee joint

Semitendinosus

1. Flexes leg at the knee joint and extends thigh at the hip joint

2. Medially rotates thigh at the hip joint and leg at the knee joint

Semimembranosus

1. Flexes leg at the knee joint and extends thigh at the hip joint

2. Medially rotates thigh at the hip joint and leg at the knee joint

Muscles of the medial compartment of thigh (8)

Rectus femoris

Vastus medialis

Sartorius

Adductor longus

Gracilis

Adductor magnus

Semimembranosus

Semitendinosus

Functions of muscles of medial compartment of thigh

Gracilis

• Adducts thigh at hip joint and flexes leg at knee joint

Pectineus

• Adducts and flexes thigh at hip joint

Adductor longus

• Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip joint

Adductor brevis

• Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip joint

Adductor magnus

• Adducts and medially rotates thigh at hip joint

Obturator externus

• Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint

Muscles of lateral compartment of thigh

Tensor fascia latae

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Three articulations of thigh

Hip jiont

Tibiafemoral joint

Patellofemoral joint

Four ligaments of the knee

ACL - Weaker

MCL

LCL

PCL - Stronger

The 2 menisci and their function

Medial and lateral

Shock absorbers and stabilize the knee

Attachments of the patella

Quadriceps tendon superiorly

Patellar tendon inferiorly

Bones of the leg

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Articulations of the tibia

Femur (tibiofemoral joint)

Talus (Talocrural joint)

Fibula (superior and inferior tibiofibular joints)

Articulations of the fibula

Tibia at knee and ankle: Proximal/distal Tibiofibular joint

Talus at ankle joint : Talofibular joint

Main landmarks of tibia

Medial and lateral condyles, tibial plateau, tibial tuberosity, soleal line, media malleolus, fibular notch

Main landmarks of fibula

Head, neck, shaft, lateral malleolus

Main action of muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

Main action of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg

Muscles attaching to Achilles tendon

The Achilles (calcaneal) tendon is a common tendon shared between the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the posterior leg. It connects the two muscle groups (collectively, triceps surae) to the calcaneus.

Bones of the foot

Tarsus (7

• Calcaneus (heel bone) – articulates with the talus
  ◦ Talus – articulates with the leg bones
  ◦ Cuboid – the most lateral bone in the distal row of the tarsus
  ◦ Navicular – located between the talar head and the cuneiforms
  ◦ Three cuneiforms – medial (first), intermediate (second) and lateral (third

Metatarsus (5

Phalanges (14

What is attached to the calcaneus?

Achilles tendon

Layer of muscle in the foot

• First layer: The most superficial layer, containing the abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi muscles

• Second layer: Contains the quadratus plantae and lumbrical muscles

• Third layer: Contains the flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, and flexor digiti minimi brevis muscles

• Fourth layer: Contains the plantar and dorsal interossei muscles

Two superficial veins of lower limbs

the great saphenous vein, and the small saphenous vein

Veins of the lower limbs

he great saphenous vein, and the small saphenous vein

Arteries of the lower limbs

external iliac artery

FEMORAL ARTERY

Anterior nerve of the thigh

femoral nerve.

Posterior nerves of the lower limbs

tibial nerve

Male and female external genitalia

The male external genitalia include the penis and the scrotum. The female external genitalia include the clitoris, the labia, and the vestibule, which are collectively called the vulva.

Male and female internal genitalia

• The internal genitalia of males and females include the gonads

• Males: The mesonephric ducts develop into the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and efferent ductules 

• Females: The paramesonephric ducts develop into the fallopian tubes 

Layers of the uterus

the endometrium (inner lining), the myometrium (middle, muscular layer), and the perimetrium (outer serosal layer).

Function of the vagina

acting as the pathway for menstrual flow, sexual intercourse, and childbirth.

Function of the urethra

carry urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Function of the labia majora

to protect the delicate inner structures of the vulva, including the labia minora, clitoris, and vaginal and urethral openings

Function of the labia minora

to protect the vulva, including the clitoris, vaginal opening, and urethral opening from irritation, dryness, and infection

Nerve that innervates the reproductive organs

The pudendal nerve provides most of the movement and sensations for your pelvic region, including your external genitals and anus. It plays a critical role in your ability to regulate when you pee and poop. Damage to the pudendal nerve can lead to pain and affect your ability to have or enjoy sex.

Function of the prostate

produce fluid that mixes with sperm to form semen

Function of the bulbourethral glands

lubricate the urethra and neutralize acidity in preparation for sperm.

Function of male urethra

transport both urine and semen.

Contents of the spermatic cord

contains ductus deferens (vas deferens), testicular artery, pampiniform plexus, and other blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

Function of the ductus deferens

transport mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra before ejaculation

Name of the cavernous tissue forming the penis

corpus cavernosum

Ligaments holding the uterus

broad, uterosacral, cardinal, and round ligaments. These ligaments help maintain the uterus in its proper position and provide structural support. 

Function of greater and lesser vestibular glands

The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin's glands) and lesser vestibular glands lubricate the vulva and urethra