History and Introduction Pt. 1

programming language

a notation for communicating to a computer what we want

it to do

computer operators

Before the middle of the 1940s, they “hardwired” their programs. They set switches to adjust the internal wiring of a computer to perform the requested

tasks.

John von Neumann

had the idea that a computer should be

permanently hardwired with a small set of general-purpose

operations

opcode

The first four bits of the line of code indicates the operation to be

performed called

data value integers

The last three lines of codes represents what

program instructions

The first five lines of code represent

instruction’s operands

The remaining 12 bits contain codes for what

assembly language

a type of language that relies on software tools to

automate some of the tasks of the programmers.

assembler

translates the symbolic assembly language code to binary

machine code.

loader

automatically loads the machine code for this instruction into computer

memory.

FORTRAN

one of the precursor of high-level

programming languages. Developed in early 1950s by

John Backus.

ALGOL

provided first of all a standard notation. The language

included notations for structured control statements for sequencing (

begin-end blocks), loops (the for loop), and selection (the if and if-

else statements).

data abstraction

simplify for human users the

behavior and attributes of data, such as numbers, character strings, and search

trees.

control abstraction

simplify properties of the transfer of control, that is, the

modification of the execution path of a program based on the situation at hand.

Examples of control abstractions are loops, conditional statements, and procedure

calls.

basic abstraction

collect the most localized machine information.

structured abstraction

collect intermediate information about the structure of a program.

unit abstraction

collect large-scale information in a program.

data structure

is the principal method for collecting related data values

into a single unit.

array

A typical data structure provided by programming languages is the _ _ _ _ _

syntactic sugar

is used to refer to any mechanism that allows the programmer to

replace a complex notation with a simpler, shorthand notation.

iterator

Another structured form of iteration is provided by an _ _ _ _ _

procedure

sometimes also called a subprogram or subroutine.

procedure declaration and procedure invocation

Procedural abstraction involves two things:

function

An abstraction mechanism closely related to procedures is the _ _ _ _ _

unit

Control can also be abstracted to include a collection of procedures that provide

logically related services to other parts of a program and that form a _ _ _ _

imperative language

its primary feature is a sequence of

statements that represent commands

functional paradigm

based on the abstract notion of a function as studied in the

lambda calculus.

logic paradigm

based on symbolic logic.

object-oriented languages

languages allow programmers to write reusable code that

operates in a way that mimics the behavior of objects in the real world