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programming language
a notation for communicating to a computer what we want
it to do
computer operators
Before the middle of the 1940s, they “hardwired” their programs. They set switches to adjust the internal wiring of a computer to perform the requested
tasks.
John von Neumann
had the idea that a computer should be
permanently hardwired with a small set of general-purpose
operations
opcode
The first four bits of the line of code indicates the operation to be
performed called
data value integers
The last three lines of codes represents what
program instructions
The first five lines of code represent
instruction’s operands
The remaining 12 bits contain codes for what
assembly language
a type of language that relies on software tools to
automate some of the tasks of the programmers.
assembler
translates the symbolic assembly language code to binary
machine code.
loader
automatically loads the machine code for this instruction into computer
memory.
FORTRAN
one of the precursor of high-level
programming languages. Developed in early 1950s by
John Backus.
ALGOL
provided first of all a standard notation. The language
included notations for structured control statements for sequencing (
begin-end blocks), loops (the for loop), and selection (the if and if-
else statements).
data abstraction
simplify for human users the
behavior and attributes of data, such as numbers, character strings, and search
trees.
control abstraction
simplify properties of the transfer of control, that is, the
modification of the execution path of a program based on the situation at hand.
Examples of control abstractions are loops, conditional statements, and procedure
calls.
basic abstraction
collect the most localized machine information.
structured abstraction
collect intermediate information about the structure of a program.
unit abstraction
collect large-scale information in a program.
data structure
is the principal method for collecting related data values
into a single unit.
array
A typical data structure provided by programming languages is the _ _ _ _ _
syntactic sugar
is used to refer to any mechanism that allows the programmer to
replace a complex notation with a simpler, shorthand notation.
iterator
Another structured form of iteration is provided by an _ _ _ _ _
procedure
sometimes also called a subprogram or subroutine.
procedure declaration and procedure invocation
Procedural abstraction involves two things:
function
An abstraction mechanism closely related to procedures is the _ _ _ _ _
unit
Control can also be abstracted to include a collection of procedures that provide
logically related services to other parts of a program and that form a _ _ _ _
imperative language
its primary feature is a sequence of
statements that represent commands
functional paradigm
based on the abstract notion of a function as studied in the
lambda calculus.
logic paradigm
based on symbolic logic.
object-oriented languages
languages allow programmers to write reusable code that
operates in a way that mimics the behavior of objects in the real world
