Psych121 Exam: Child Development

What are the two functions of imitation according to Uzgris, 1981

A Cognitive function, and an Interpersonal function

What is a cognitive function, according to Uzgris 1981

A cognitive function promotes learning about events in the world and helps develop new skills, like memory and problem-solving.

What is an interpersonal function, according to Uzgris 1981

An interpersonal function promotes childrens sharing of experience with others.

Why are interpersonal functions important?

By understanding how others feel and behave it helps children learn about identity and social norms.

What is Vygotsky’s (1934/1978), General Law of Cultural Development

Every function in the childs development appears twice.

What are the two levels that Vygotskys General Law of Cultural Development is true for.

Interpsychologically (on the social level), and Intrapsychologically (on the individual level).

What is the ‘Zone of Proximal Development’

The difference between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a more knowledgeable other.

What does Vygotsky say about primates in relation to the ‘Zone of Proximal Development’

That primates can learn through training but cannot increase intelligence and solve advanced problems independently.

What was Gergely et al., (1995)’s question basing his study on infants?

Do infants understand persistence to a goal?

What technique did Gergely et al., (1995) use with infants in his ‘Understanding the Pursuit of Goals’ study

Habituation

Meltzoff (1998) did a study on ‘Understanding Choice of Plans’ which involved 14 month olds reproducing the novel behaviours of turning on a light with their head. When Gergely et al (2002) expanded on this study, what were the two conditions added for this task.

Occupied Condition where the adult could not use their hands (pretended to be cold and tucked their hands away) as they were occupied. And the Unoccupied condition when the adults hands were free but they still turned on the light with their head.

What were Gergely’s findings in their 2002 ‘light switching task’ study

More toddlers used their head to switch on the light with the hands unoccupied condition.

What did Horner and Whiten (2005) do?

The Box Test on redundant action imitation.

What did Horner and Whiten find in their 2005 box test

They found that chimpanzees would copy the redundant actions only when. the box was opaque. The children would copy the redundant actions when the box was both translucent and opaque.

What phenomena did Homer and Whiten show in their 2005 box test.

Over imitation

Why is over imitation important in social development?

Copying those around you as a child is important as it teaches you how to behave in social context.

What is normative protest

a type of protest during play when the child will verbally reference a norm or rule in their protest.

Whats an example of normative protest?

A child saying ‘no thats not how that normally happens’

What is Imperative Protest?

A type of protest shown by children playing, when one child protests or instructs the other individuals behaviour but doesn’t refer to any norms or rules.

Whats something children would use the Selective Trust Paradigm for

To judge who to trust or ask for help

In Gergely et al (2002) extension of Meltzoffs light switching study, what was the reason behind their findings?

They could not see a reason to why the adult used their head and so could not explain it. They decided it would be safer to just copy with their own head.

What is Pedagogical referring to?

When learning is adult driven, found a lot in western cultures

What is observational (in reference to pedagogical vs observational)

When learning is more observational and the child just chooses to watch the parents doing something.

Collaborative play (collaborative vs individual)

When two children work together and collaborate, participating in the task together.

Individual Play (Collaborative vs Individual)

When two children are given the same task but they play seperatley, taking turns.

What are the five learning strategies

Learning through exploration, observation, participation, imitation, and instruction

What are the five teaching types

Teaching by, social tolerance, opportunity provision, stimulus local enhancement, evaluative feedback, or direct active teaching.

What are the two types of play in young children?

Object play and Pretend Play

What are the six stages of play (Mildred Parten, 1929)

Unoccupied Play, Solitary Play, Spectator Play, Parallel Play, Associative Play, Cooperative play.

What were Jean Piaget (1962)’s two stages of play?

Sensorimotor stage (0-2) and Pre-operational stage (2-7)

What is sensorimotor stage of play (0-2)

Functional play and symbolic play

What is the pre-operational (2-7) stage of play

Games with rules

What is Functional Play

When babies or toddlers explore surroundings visually and sensations.

How did Vygotsky (1934/78) view play?

As one kind of play, a generic broad category of play that allowed children to imagine being older and engaging in different possibilities that they do not experience.

What are John Bowlby’s (1969,1989) 4 Characteristics of Attachement

Proximity Maintenance, Safe Haven, Secure Base, Seperation Distress.

What is ‘Proximity Maintenance’ in John Bowlby’s 4 Characteristics of Attachment

The desire to be near people we are attached to

What is ‘Safe Haven’ in John Bowlby’s 4 Characteristics of Attachment

Returning to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of a fear or threat.

What is ‘Secure Base’ in John Bowlby’s 4 Characteristics of Attachment

The attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can safely explore the surrounding environment

What is ‘Seperation Distress’ in John Bowlby’s 4 Characteristics of Attachment

Anxiety that occurs in the absence of the attachment figure

What are the three patterns of attachment?

A= Insecure Avoidant, B= Secure, C= Insecure Anxious

How did the Type A (Insecure Avoidant) child react in Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Assessment

Not much reaction during any phase of the experience

How did the Type B (Secure) child react in Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Assessment

Happy when parent was present, distressed in the separation phase, relieved and comforted in the reunion phase.

How did the Type C (Insecure Anxious) child react in Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Assessment

Comfortable with parent, showed stress when stranger entered room, in the seperation phase there was a dramatic level of distress, and this anxiety will remain even during reunion phase.

What traits did mothers of Securely Attached (type B) infants exhibit?

More sensitive, emotionally expressive, and flexible. Quick response to crying.

What traits did mothers of Avoidant Attached (type A) infants exhibit?

Uncomfortable with close body contact, slower response to distress and minimally expressive and flexible.

What traits did mothers of Anxious Attached (type C) infants exhibit?

Inconsistent response to their infants, minimal spontaneous affection.

What is Social Referencing?

When an infant/toddler uses others emotional expressions to guide their own behaviours in ambiguous/unknown situations.

What did Guilford’s 1967 Divergent Thinking Alternative Use Task measure in the ideas produced?

Fluency, Originality, Flexibility, Elaboration

Where do children take inspiration and ideas for their play?

Everywhere and everything they experience