AERO Chapter 3

2.42 DEFINE takeoff and landing airspeed in terms of stall speed

Takeoff speed is 20% above stall speed, while landing speed is 30% above stall speed. These safety margins minimize operation in the region of reverse command and allow for shallow turns after takeoff, especially during engine failure.

2.43 Describe the effects on takeoff and landing performance, given variations in weight, altitude, temperature, and humidity.

Increase altitude, decreases performance

Increase in temperature or humidity, decreases performance

Increase in weight, decreases performance

"4-H Club" High, Heavy, Hot, Humid

2.44 Define MAX angle of climb and MAX rate of climb

1. Max AOC: max vertical distance in the shortest amount of horizontal distance.

2. Max ROC: The greatest vertical distance in the shortest amount of time.

2.45 Define Max range and max endurance

1. Max range: the max distance traveled over the ground for a given amount of fuel.

Max range is found at L/D max AOA and velocity.

Max range is faster than Max endurance.

2. Max endurance: the max amount of time that an airplane can remain airborne on a given amount of fuel.

Max endurance is found at a velocity less than L/D max, and an AOA greater than L/D max AOA for a turboprop.

2.46 Explain the requirements yielding max range and max endurance in relation to the power curve.

Max range is found at L/D max AOA and velocity

Max endurance is found at the bottom of the power curve

2.47 Describe the effect of altitude on max range and max endurance.

Increase in altitude requires a higher throttle setting due to lower density

However as altitude increases, the temperature rapidly decreases which makes the turbines more fuel efficient

Because of this max endurance and max range are extended at higher altitudes.

2.48 Define max glide range and max glide endurance profiles.

With all engines failed gliding at the minimum angle of decent, so to reach max glide range you must fly at L/D max AOA to minimize drag.

Max glide endurance is the max time you can glide at a given altitude and max glide endurance velocity is less than L/D max velocity, and AOA for max glide endurance is greater than L/D max AOA.

2.49 Describe the locations of the regions of normal and reverse command on the power curve.

Velocity above max endurance are referred to as the region of normal command.

In normal command velocity and throttle setting for level flight are directly related.

Velocity below max endurance are referred to as the region of reverse command.

In reverse command velocity and throttle setting for level flight are inversely related. The slower an airplane flies in the region of reverse command, the more throttle needed. More throttle needed in order to compensate for the extra induced drag.

The slower the airspeed, the higher our AOA, the higher our induced drag.

2.50 Explain the relationship between power required and airspeed in the regions of normal and reverse command.

Reverse command: The slower the airplane flies in the region of reverse command, the more throttle (power) needed.

Normal command: velocity and power are directly related.