anatomy 8.4 pt 3

Which three tarsal bones make up the proximal row?

Calcaneus, talus, and navicular.

What is the largest tarsal bone?

Calcaneus.

Which tarsal bone forms the heel?

Calcaneus.

What tendon attaches to the calcaneus?

Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon.

Which tarsal bone is the second largest?

Talus.

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia?

Talus.

Where is the navicular bone located?

On the medial side of the ankle.

Which bones make up the distal row of tarsals?

Medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, and cuboid.

How many cuneiform bones are there?

Three.

What is the shape of the cuneiform bones?

Wedge-shaped.

Which bone articulates with the cuneiform bones proximally?

Navicular.

Which tarsal bone is located most laterally?

Cuboid.

Which bones articulate with the cuboid?

Calcaneus and lateral cuneiform.

Which bones articulate with the metatarsals?

Cuboid and the three cuneiform bones.

How many metatarsals are in one foot?

Five.

How are the metatarsals numbered?

Roman numerals I–V from medial to lateral.

Which metatarsals articulate with the cuneiform bones?

Metatarsals I–III.

Which metatarsals articulate with the cuboid bone?

Metatarsals IV and V.

What do the distal ends of the metatarsals articulate with?

Proximal phalanges.

What are the two small sesamoid bones found beneath the first metatarsal?

Sesamoid bones within the tendons of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle.

What is the function of the sesamoid bones beneath the first metatarsal?

They distribute force evenly and allow the tendons to move more freely.

What are the bones of the toes called?

Phalanges.

How many phalanges are in one foot?

14.

What is another name for the great toe?

Hallux.

How many phalanges does the hallux have?

Two (proximal and distal).

How many phalanges do the other toes have?

Three (proximal, middle, and distal).

What are the three arches of the foot?

Medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal, and transverse arches.

What are the functions of the arches of the foot?

Support body weight and prevent compression of blood vessels and nerves in the sole.

Which arch is the highest?

Medial longitudinal arch.

Which bones form the medial longitudinal arch?

Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and metatarsals I–III.

What is the function of the medial longitudinal arch?

Prevents the medial side of the foot from touching the ground and creates the characteristic footprint.

Which bones form the lateral longitudinal arch?

Calcaneus, cuboid, and metatarsals IV and V.

Which arch is lower than the medial longitudinal arch?

Lateral longitudinal arch.

Which bones form the transverse arch?

Cuboid, three cuneiforms, and the bases of all five metatarsals.

What primarily maintains the arches of the foot?

The interlocking shapes of the foot bones; ligaments and muscles provide additional support.