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What is the distinction between a signal and a cue?

A signal is a trait that has evolved to convey information, while a cue is a trait that unintentionally provides information.

Define Müllerian mimicry and explain its frequency-dependence.

Müllerian mimicry is when two harmful species evolve to resemble each other, thereby reinforcing avoidance by predators. It is frequency-dependent because the effectiveness relies on the mimic's frequency relative to the model's in the environment.

What is aggressive mimicry? Provide two examples.

Aggressive mimicry is a form of mimicry where a predator mimics a harmless or attractive entity to deceive its prey. Examples include the bolas spider and anglerfish lure.

Define eavesdropping and provide one example in amphibians.

Eavesdropping is when one species intercepts signals meant for another species. An example is Túngara frogs being preyed upon by bats that eavesdrop on their mating calls.

State Hamilton’s Rule and explain each term.

Hamilton’s Rule states that altruism is favored if Br > C, where B is the benefit to the recipient, r is the genetic relatedness, and C is the cost to the altruist.