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Metaphysics
The branch of philosophy that attempts to know the nature of reality as a whole.
World of Becoming
The level of change, representing physical objects that are in constant flux.
World of Being
The level of what does not change, representing the realm of forms and truths.
Forms
Conceptual truths that are perfectly true, real, and good; the ideal, unchanging essence of things.
Mimesis
The concept that all physical objects are copies or representations of the forms.
Evil (Plato's view)
Interpreted as the lack of good; things are evil because they lack the full goodness and reality of the forms.
Cave Analogy
Plato's analogy where prisoners in a cave represent humanity's ignorance of true realities, with the escape to the outside world symbolizing the philosopher's journey to knowledge.
Dualism
Plato's view that humans are composed of two distinct parts: body and soul.
Three Parts of the Soul
According to Plato, the soul comprises appetites (physical desires), spirited part (social desires), and reason.
Virtue of Wisdom
The knowledge of the forms and the love of the truth; essential for the rulers.
Virtue of Courage
The ability to resist fear in fulfilling one’s duty; associated with soldiers.
Virtue of Moderation
The ability to control physical desires; necessary for all to prevent societal chaos.
Virtue of Justice
The ability to do one's own job and not interfere with the work of others; a key virtue for all individuals in an ideal city.
