AP 1 Quiz 5- sensation and preception

Sensation

detection of stimuli

Perception

interpretation of stimuli

Sensory receptors can be classified by location

exteroceptors vs. interoceptors

Sensory receptors can be classified by stimulus type

Mechanoreceptors, Proprioceptors, Thermoreceptors, Photoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Nociceptors

mechanoreceptors

 respond to touch, pressure, vibration.

Proprioceptors

found in muscle, joints, tendons; detect position and movement

Thermoreceptors

respond to temperature changes

Photoreceptors

detect light (found only in the eyes)

Chemoreceptors

respond to chemical stimuli in solution

Nociceptors

painful stimuli

reflex

rapid, predictable responses

reflex process/arch

receptor to integration center to effector organ

Spinal reflex arc

rapid skeletal muscle reflex

Tendon reflex

tapping a tendon causes contraction

Patellar (knee-jerk) reflex

Tests L2–L4 spinal cord, altered by Jendrassik’s maneuver

abnormal patellar reflex

Abnormal results may indicate neuropathy or lesion

what is function of jendrassik’s maneuver

divert attention

Achilles (ankle-jerk) reflex

Tests S1 nerve root

absence of achilles reflex

Absence may indicate neuropathy or nerve root compression

examples of antagonistic muscles

bicep brachii and tricep brachii

bicep brachii

elbow flexion

triceps brachii ( antagonistic)

elbow extension

Pupillary Reflexes

dilator and sphincter pupillae

pupil

opening in iris controlling light entry

iris does what

type of muscle that controls pupil

Dilator pupillae

widens pupil

Sphincter pupillae

narrows pupil

Consensual reflex

stimulus in one eye causes response in both

Pupil accommodation

pupil adjusts for distance of focus

Lens accommodation

lens changes shape to bend light

Rounder lens

stronger refraction

Flatter lens

weaker refraction

Convergence

Eyes move inward to focus on close objects

convergence uses these muscles

medial/lateral rectus muscles

Plantar Reflex

Protects sole from painful stimuli

Babinski’s reflex

abnormal extension of toes

what does Babinski reflex indicate

indicates CNS damage (ALS, MS, stroke)

Ciliospinal Reflex

Pupil dilation in response to painful stimuli

type of nervous system ciliospinal reflex is affected

sympathetic nervous system

Vision Tests

near point, blind spot, visual acuity/snellen tests

Near Point Test

lens elasticity and accommodation

Blind Spot Test

optic disc has no photoreceptors

Visual Acuity (Snellen Test)

measures clarity of vision

types of clarity of vision

myopia vs. hyperopia

color vision test

Ishihara test

Ishihara test

detects color blindness

common color blindness

red-green

Labyrinthine Reflexes tests what

Balance and Equilibrium

Nystagmus

Reflexive eye movement caused by semicircular canals

Anterior canal

forward/backward head movement

Posterior canal

side head tilt

Lateral canal

spinning motion

phases of nystagmus

slow phase and fast phase

slow phase of nystagmus

eyes drift to follow motion

Fast phase of nystagmus

eyes snap back

Rotary nystagmus

during spinning

Post-rotary nystagmus

after spinning, in opposite direction

Procedures of nystagmus

rotating chair and past pointing test

Rotating chair test

observe post-rotary nystagmus

Past pointing test

coordination errors after rotation

Proprioception and Spatial Orientation

Ability to maintain body posture and position in space

Proprioception and Spatial Orientation relies on

Inner ear, Proprioceptors , Photoreceptors

inner ear

linear and rotational movement

proprioceptors

joints, tendons and muscles

photoreceptors

visual feedback

Procedures for Proprioception and Spatial Orientation

Feet shoulder-width test, Feet together test, Single limb stance, Single limb stance + cervical extension

Feet shoulder-width test

eyes open vs. closed.

Feet together test

sway observed

Single limb stance

balance with eyes open/closed

Single limb stance and cervical extension

balance when looking up

touch receptors

Mechanoreceptors, Two-point threshold, Adaptation

Mechanoreceptors

in skin detect pressure/vibration

Two-point threshold

smallest distance to perceive two touches

Adaptation

receptors stop responding to unchanging stimuli

hearing receptors

weber, and rinne tests

Weber Test

distinguishes conduction vs. sensorineural loss

Rinne Test

compares bone vs air conduction

taste receptors

PTC test

define PTC test

genetic variation in bitterness perception

five categories of taste

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami