Pulmonary Pathophysiology - RESC 2210

This flashcard set covers key concepts and definitions from the lecture on pulmonary pathophysiology, including diseases like pneumonia, asthma, and chronic bronchitis.

What is the definition of pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the alveoli in one or both lungs, causing them to fill with fluid or pus.

What are common causes of pneumonia?

Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, viruses like influenza, and fungi such as Coccidioides.

How is pneumonia classified based on acquisition?

Pneumonia is classified into Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), Health Care-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP), Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP), and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP).

What are the risk factors for pneumonia?

Risk factors include age (infants and those over 65), smoking, and immunocompromised states.

What is chronic bronchitis?

Chronic bronchitis is defined as a chronic productive cough lasting for at least three months in two consecutive years.

What are the symptoms of asthma?

Symptoms of asthma include episodic wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough.

What is the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis?

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to thick, sticky mucus that clogs the airways and leads to lung infections.

What is the definition of obstructive pulmonary disease?

Obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, often due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

What are the key diagnostic tools for lung diseases?

Key diagnostic tools include chest x-rays, CT scans, pulmonary function tests, and sputum cultures.

How is pulmonary hypertension defined?

Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than 25 mmHg at rest.

What is emphysema?

Emphysema is a type of COPD involving damage to the alveoli, leading to enlarged air sacs and reduced surface area for gas exchange.

How is asthma diagnosed?

Asthma is typically diagnosed based on a physical exam, a review of symptoms, and pulmonary function tests, especially spirometry, which shows reversible airflow obstruction.

What are the primary diagnostic criteria for COPD?

COPD is diagnosed based on symptoms, exposure to risk factors, and spirometry showing a post-bronchodilator FEV\text{1}/FVC ratio of less than 0.70.

What are common treatments for chronic bronchitis?

Treatments for chronic bronchitis often include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation, along with smoking cessation.

What are potential complications of pneumonia?

Complications of pneumonia can include pleurisy, lung abscesses, bacteremia, septic shock, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

What is the primary role of the CFTR gene in cystic fibrosis?

The CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) gene regulates the movement of chloride and water across cell membranes. Mutations lead to defective protein function, causing thick secretions.

What is the definition of pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the alveoli in one or both lungs, causing them to fill with fluid or pus.

What are common causes of pneumonia?

Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, viruses like influenza, and fungi such as Coccidioides.

How is pneumonia classified based on acquisition?

Pneumonia is classified into Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), Health Care-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP), Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP), and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP).

What are the risk factors for pneumonia?

Risk factors include age (infants and those over 65), smoking, and immunocompromised states.

What is chronic bronchitis?

Chronic bronchitis is defined as a chronic productive cough lasting for at least three months in two consecutive years.

What are the symptoms of asthma?

Symptoms of asthma include episodic wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough.

What is the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis?

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to thick, sticky mucus that clogs the airways and leads to lung infections.

What is the definition of obstructive pulmonary disease?

Obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, often due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

What are the key diagnostic tools for lung diseases?

Key diagnostic tools include chest x-rays, CT scans, pulmonary function tests, and sputum cultures.

How is pulmonary hypertension defined?

Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than 25 mmHg at rest.