T1 - Innate Immunity

• Unbroken Skin

• Lactic Acid —sweat

• Lysozyme —tears and saliva

• Acidity of GIT and Vagina —5 pH

• Keratinocytes

• Earwax (Cerumen)

• Microbial Flora (competes with pathogens)

EXAMPLES OF FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

• CELLULAR COMPONENTS

  • Mast Cells

  • Basophils

  • Eosinophils

  • Neutrophils

  • Macrophages

  • Dendritic Cells

  • Natural Killer (NK) Cells

• HUMORAL COMPONENTS

  • Complement

  • Lysozyme

  • Acute phase reactants (ARP)

  • Interferon Alpha and Beta

The SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE is divided into Cellular Components and Humoral Components (state examples for each)

• C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

• Complement

• Mannose-Binding Protein

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• These reactants are opsonin (taggers)

• C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

• _{^{Serum Amyloid A (SAA)}}

• _{^{Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)}}

• _^Fibrinogen

• _^Haptoglobin

• _^Ceruplasmin

• _^Complement

• _{^{Mannose-Binding Protein}}

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Most widely monitored acute-phase reactants

• C-Reactive Protein (CRP) —indicates only

• _{^{Serum Amyloid A (SAA)}}

• _{^{Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)}}

• _^Fibrinogen

• _^Haptoglobin

• _^Ceruplasmin

• _{^{Complement —mediates inflammation}}

• _{^{Mannose-Binding Protein}}

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Most widely used indicator of acute inflammation

>2 mg/L

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• What is the threshold of CRP for Cardiovascular Risk

Bacterial Infection than in viral infection

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Serum Amyloid A (SAA) increased more during _______

• _{^{C-Reactive Protein (CRP)}}

• Serum Amyloid A (SAA)

• _{^{Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)}}

• _^Fibrinogen

• _^Haptoglobin

• _^Ceruplasmin

• _^Complement

• _{^{Mannose-Binding Protein}}

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Associated with HDL CHOLESTEROL

Liver

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• What organ synthesizes SAA?

• _{^{C-Reactive Protein (CRP)}}

• _{^{Serum Amyloid A (SAA)}}

• Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)

• _^Fibrinogen

• _^Haptoglobin

• _^Ceruplasmin

• _^Complement

• _{^{Mannose-Binding Protein}}

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Major inhibitor of protease activity

• _{^{C-Reactive Protein (CRP)}}

• _{^{Serum Amyloid A (SAA)}}

• Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT) _{^{—protease and elastase}}

• _^Fibrinogen

• _^Haptoglobin

• _^Ceruplasmin

• _^Complement

• _{^{Mannose-Binding Protein}}

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Neutralizes ELASTASE, effect of neutropil invasion during inflammation

_{^{[Elastase is released by Neutropil]}}

• _{^{C-Reactive Protein (CRP)}}

• _{^{Serum Amyloid A (SAA)}}

• _{^{Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)}}

• Fibrinogen

• _^Haptoglobin

• _^Ceruplasmin

• _^Complement

• _{^{Mannose-Binding Protein}}

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Most abundant coagulation factor

• _{^{C-Reactive Protein (CRP)}}

• _{^{Serum Amyloid A (SAA)}}

• _{^{Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)}}

• _^Fibrinogen

• Haptoglobin

• _^Ceruplasmin

• _^Complement

• _{^{Mannose-Binding Protein}}

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Binds irreversibly to FREE HEMOGLOBIN

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN)

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Decreased Haptoglobin can cause ______

• _{^{C-Reactive Protein (CRP)}}

• _{^{Serum Amyloid A (SAA)}}

• _{^{Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)}}

• _^Fibrinogen

• _^Haptoglobin

• Ceruplasmin

• _^Complement

• _{^{Mannose-Binding Protein}}

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Principal Copper-Transporting Protein

• _{^{C-Reactive Protein (CRP)}}

• _{^{Serum Amyloid A (SAA)}}

• _{^{Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)}}

• _^Fibrinogen

• _^Haptoglobin

• Ceruplasmin

• _^Complement

• _{^{Mannose-Binding Protein}}

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Acts as ferroxidase, oxidizing Fe2+ (Ferrous) to Fe3+ (Ferric)

Wilson’s Disease

_{^{[Haptoglobin = HDN]}}

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Decreased Ceruplasmin is seen in what disease

Fe2+ _^(Ferrous) to Fe3+ _^(Ferric)

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Ceruplasmin acts as FERROXIDASE

  what does it oxidize?

• _{^{C-Reactive Protein (CRP)}}

• _{^{Serum Amyloid A (SAA)}}

• _{^{Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)}}

• _^Fibrinogen

• _^Haptoglobin

• _^Ceruplasmin

• Complement

• _{^{Mannose-Binding Protein}}

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Mediates inflammation

• _{^{C-Reactive Protein (CRP)}}

• _{^{Serum Amyloid A (SAA)}}

• _{^{Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)}}

• _^Fibrinogen

• _^Haptoglobin

• _^Ceruplasmin

• Complement

• _{^{Mannose-Binding Protein}}

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• There are 9 of these proteins that are activiated by antibodies in a sequence called classical cascade

56*C for 30 minutes

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Complement has a unique characteristics where it is easily heated to _______ for _____

• _{^{C-Reactive Protein (CRP)}}

• _{^{Serum Amyloid A (SAA)}}

• _{^{Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)}}

• _^Fibrinogen

• _^Haptoglobin

• _^Ceruplasmin

• _^Complement

• Mannose-Binding Protein

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• It is calcium-dependent (needs calcium)

Recurrent Yeast Infection

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Decreased Mannose-Binding Protein (MBP) indicates _______

• _{^{C-Reactive Protein (CRP)}}

• _{^{Serum Amyloid A (SAA)}}

• _{^{Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT)}}

• _^Fibrinogen

• _^Haptoglobin

• _^Ceruplasmin

• _^Complement

• Mannose-Binding Protein

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS:

• Binds to foreign CARBOHYDRATES to initiate Lectin Pathway

• Adherence

• Engulftment

• Phagosome

• Granules Contact

• Phagolysosome —_{^{lysosomal granules + phagosome}}

• Digestion and Destruction

• Excretion

STAGES OF PHAGOCYTOSIS

Diapedesis

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• It is an action where neutrophil (or any cell) is capable of passing through the blood vessel to reach the tissue

Chemotaxis

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Neutrophil migrates to specific site influenced by Chemotactic Factors (Chemotaxins)

Selectins

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• It makes neutrophil sticky and enhances adherance

Neutrophil

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• 2-5 nuclear lobes

Eosinophil

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Responds to Parasitic Infection + _{^{Allergic Reaction}}

Eosinophil

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Bilobed (Red-Orange Granules)

Eosinophil

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Ellipsoidal (telephone-like appearance)

  • _{^{mistaken as MONOCYTE}}

Basophil

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Bilobed (Bluish-Purple granules)

Basophil

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Mistaken for Lymphocytes

Basophil

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Responds to ALLERGIC REACTION

Monocyte

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• HorseShoe Shaped Nucleus (1/2 of entire cell)

Monocyte

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Ground-Glass Appearance Cytoplasm

Macrophage

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Name of a monocyte as it reaches the tissue

Mesangial

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Macrophage in Kidney

Hofbauer Cells

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Macrophage in Placenta

Littoral Cell

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Macrophage in Lymph Node

Histiocytes

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Macrophage in Connective Tissue

Osteoclast

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Macrophage in Bone

Langerhans

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Macrophage in Skin

Dendritic Cells

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Resembles dentrites (nerve cell)

Dendritic Cells

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• MOST POTENT PHAGOCYTIC CELLS and ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS (APC)

• Dendritic Cells

• Mast Cells

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

Dendritic Cells

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Phagocytose Antigen and Present it to Helper T Lymphocytes

Mast Cells

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Resembles Basophils

Mast Cells

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Plays a role in Allergic Reaction and Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)

• Basophils

• Mast Cells

  _{^{(ALLERGIC REACTION)}}

CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

• Cells that has HISTAMINE GRANULES