Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land Use

Urbanization

(Learning Topic 6.1) Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Industrial City

(Learning Topic 6.1) Cities that were developed hugely as an effect of the Industrial Revolution

Post Industrial City

(Learning Topic 6.1) A city where manufacturing has declined and the focus of the city is service industries.

Economic Base

(Learning Topic 6.1) the manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector; functions of a city performed to satisfy demands external to the city itself, earning income to support the urban population

Basic Industries

(Learning Topic 6.1) those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside of the city itself, earning income for the community

Non Basic Industries

(Learning Topic 6.1) those economic activities of an urban unit that supply the resident population with goods and services and that have no "export" implication

Deindustrialization

(Learning Topic 6.1) process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

Entrepots

(Learning Topic 6.1) a trading center, or simply a trading warehouse where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying for import duties, often at a profit

Suburbanization

(Learning Topic 6.2) The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

counterurbanization

(Learning Topic 6.2) migration from urban to rural area caused by high technology and telecommuting to work

Edge Cities

(Learning Topic 6.2) A term to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the United States away from the CBD toward new area of economic activity at the urban fringe. These cities are characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas, and modern buildings

Exurbs

(Learning Topic 6.2) communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status

Urban Sprawl

(Learning Topic 6.2) The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

Boomburbs

(Learning Topic 6.2) rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city

Gentrification

(Learning Topic 6.2) the restoration of run-down urban areas near the CBD by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of lower-income people)

DINKS

(Learning Topic 6.2) acronym for double income, no kids; a consumer segment with a lot of disposable income that typically participate in gentrification

SINKs

(Learning Topic 6.2) Single Income No Kids, a consumer segment with a lot of disposable income that typically participate in gentrification

Empty Nesters

(Learning Topic 6.2) people whose children are grown and who are now able to spend their money in other ways, they typically contribute to gentrification

Megacity

(Learning Topic 6.2) City with more than 10 million people

Metacity

(Learning Topic 6.2) conurbation with more than 20 million people, e.g. Pearl River Delta (merge 9 cities together- 26 times larger than greater London)

World Cities

(Learning Topic 6.3) A group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce

Agglomeration

(Learning Topic 6.3) Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

Megalopolis

(Learning Topic 6.3) a region in which several large cities and surrounding areas grow together (noun)

conurbation

(Learning Topic 6.3) The process of creating a continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities (verb)

High-tech corridors

(Learning Topic 6.3) areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-technology products. Example: Silicon Valley

Technopoles

(Learning Topic 6.3) A center of high-tech manufacturing and information-based industry

Silicon Valley

(Learning Topic 6.3) a region in California south of San Francisco that is noted for its concentration of high-technology industries

Island of Development

(Learning Topic 6.3) Place built up by a government or corporation to attract foreign investment and which has relatively high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure.

Urban Hierarchy

(Learning Topic 6.3) A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions.

Primate City Rule

(Learning Topic 6.4) The rule that argues that some cities will have one city that is exponentially larger and more important than other cities in the country. The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement and plays a significant role in the economy or politics is a Primate City. Example: Paris, France

Business Services

(Learning Target 6.3) Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services

Public Services

(Learning Target 6.3) Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.

Consumer Services

(Learning Target 6.3) Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services

Hub and Spoke Transportation

(Learning Topic 6.4) transportation design where roads lead to a central nodal point. Causes this center point to increase significantly in economic and political power (characteristic of a primate city)

Rank Size Rule

(Learning Topic 6.4) A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Borchert's Epochs of Urban Growth

(Learning Topic 6.4) model used to describe urban growth based on transportation and communication technology. Stage 1 Sail and Wagon: people settled in urban areas on the Eastern Coast of the United States. Stage 2 Iron Horse: people settled in urban areas further inland from the East Coast of the United States (areas on the western side of the Appalachian mountains but don't cross the Great Plains). Stage 3 Steel Rail: people settled in urban areas on the West Coast of the United States. Stage 4 Auto and Air: people settled in the urban areas in the southern region of the United States and cities began to expand/sprawl. Stage 5 High Technology: people settle throughout the Untied States and cities become even larger.

Christaller's Central Place Theory

(Learning Topic 6.4) A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther. The theory ranks settlements from largest to smallest (city, town, village, hamlet). The large settlements have larger ranges and thresholds.

Range

(Learning Topic 6.4) the amount of distance a person is willing to travel to the market

Threshold

(Learning Topic 6.4) The minimum number of people needed to support the service

Gravity Model

(Learning Topic 6.4) A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

Hoteling's Location Theory

(Learning Topic 6.4) the location of industries can't be understood w/o reference to the location of other industries of like kind; two similar vendors would locate next to each other in the middle of a market area to maximize profit

Bid Rent Theory

(Learning Topic 6.5) the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District increases.

Peak Land Value intersection

(Learning Topic 6.5) the most accessible and costly parcel of land, occurs where major roads intersect.

Central Business District

(Learning Topic 6.5) The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

Burgess Concentric Model

(Learning Topic 6.5) An urban model based off of Chicago, where the working class are closer to the industrial zone to work and the more wealthy live near or in the suburbs. CBD (highest land use) is in center and the zone of transition is between the CBD and the working class houses

Zone of Transition (Burgess)

(Learning Topic 6.5) immediately adjacent to CBD. Contains factories and manufacturing plants and contains poorest segments of the urban population, low income housing areas with most people renting subdivided houses. The people that live in this area usually work in the informal sector.

Zone of Independent worker's homes (Burgess)

(Learning Topic 6.5) Blue-collar workers' homes adjacent to the zone of transition, these people typically work in the factories located in the zone of transition

Zone of better residences (Burgess)

(Learning Topic 6.5) Middles income workers' homes, acts as a buffer zone

Commuter Zone (Burgess)

(Learning Topic 6.5) Zone with wealthy homes, families can afford to drive long distances to get to work everyday

Hoyt Sector Model

(Learning Topic 6.5) A model of the internal structure of a city in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors or wedges radiating out from the CBD.

Ullman/Harris Multiple Nuclei Model

(Learning Topic 6.5) A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

light manufacturing

(Learning Topic 6.5) Intensive land use manufacturing that takes up less space (typically bulk gaining industries)

heavy manufacturing

(Learning Topic 6.5) Extensive land use manufacturing that takes up more space (typically bulk reducing industries)

Outlying business district

(Learning Topic 6.5) The portion of an urban area that is normally separated from the central business district and fringe area but that supports considerable business activity and has its own traffic circulation, superimposed on some through traffic.

Urban Realm Model

(Learning Topic 6.5) A spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the Central Business District (CBD).

Galactic City Model

(Learning Topic 6.5) -Built along a highway -Has a false site/situation because of transportation -Edge cities begin to form around the rings -Don't go to the CBD anymore (focused on driving around the CBD)

Decentralization of cities

(Learning Topic 6.5) The CBD looses importance and services relocate to edge cities

European City Model

(Learning Topic 6.5) features: central market, wealthy live downtown and poor live in suburbs where factories are locate

African City Model

(Learning Topic 6.5) model that suggests that African cities have more than one CBD, which is a remanence of colonialism

Latin American City Model

(Learning Topic 6.5) Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones. Includes a thriving CBD with a commercial spine. The quality of houses decreases as one moves outward away from the CBD, and the areas of worse housing occurs in the Disamenity sectors.

Zone of Maturity

(Learning Topic 6.5) Area of middle class housing in the Latin American City Model

Zone of In Situ Accretion

(Learning Topic 6.5) Area of low income working class housing in the Latin American City Model

Spine

(Learning Topic 6.5) Area of high end shopping in the Latin American City Model

Elite residential sector

(Learning Topic 6.5) Area of wealthy housing in the Latin American City Model that runs along the spine

Squatter settlements/shantytowns

(Learning Topic 6.5) scavenged materials, on unoccupied land without the owner's permission

disamenity sector

(Learning Topic 6.5) The very poorest parts of cities that begin to move inwards towards the CBD that in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords.

South East Asia City Model

(Learning Topic 6.5) City model that is based around exporting manufactured goods

export processing zones (EPZs)

(Learning Topic 6.5) zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment

Placelessness

(Learning Topic 6.6) the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

Ethnic Neighborhoods

(Learning Topic 6.6) a neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

Infilling

(Learning Topic 6.6) The process by which population density in an urban centre is increased by building on waste land or underused land.

Zoning Laws

(Learning Topic 6.6) laws in a city or town that designate certain areas, or zones, for residential and business use

Commercial Zoning

(Learning Topic 6.6) system of regulating land use for business or retail structures

Residential Zoning

(Learning Topic 6.6) zoning that includes homes, apartments, co-ops, and more

Industrial Zoning

(Learning Topic 6.6) The system of land use regulations for the production of materials

low density housing

(Learning Topic 6.6) typically made up of single- family homes that are detached with green space between properties- typically owned by the residents

Medium Density Housing

(Learning Topic 6.6) typically made up of multiple- family apartments or town houses- residents typically pay monthly rent to a landlord who owns the property; medium-density housing is common in larger suburban areas and the transition zone close to the city's CBD

high-density housing

(Learning Topic 6.6) typically made up of multiple family high rise apartments or high priced single family flats- residents pay monthly rent to a landlord: common in the CBD where land prices are high

Infrastructure

(Learning Topic 6.7) the underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity (Ex: roads, hospitals, public schools, sea ports, airports...)

Greenbelts

(Learning Topic 6.8) A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

New Urbanism

(Learning Topic 6.8) A movement in urban planning that approaches the idea of sustainable urban communities with the goal of raising the quality of life for all those in the community by creating compact communities with a sustainable infrastructure. Calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs

Planned communities

(Learning Topic 6.8) any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area

Walkable Mixed-Use Commercial and Residential Areas

(Learning Topic 6.8) A part of New Urbanism. Communities are designed intensively with commercial use space located on the first floor of a building, and residential use space located on the upper floors.

Slow Growth Cities

(Learning Topic 6.8) urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse effects of sprawl

Smart Growth Government Policies

(Learning Topic 6.8) Government policies, such as mixed use zoning and public transportation, that encourage the development of more sustainable urban areas

transportation oriented development

(Learning Topic 6.8) A mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transportation

Blockbusting

(Learning Topic 6.10) rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting outmigration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of properties

Zones of Abandonment

(Learning Topic 6.10) areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons

Brownfields

(Learning Topic 6.10) an abandoned former industrial or commercial site in urban areas where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination.

Redlining

(Learning Topic 6.10) A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially illegal.

Barrios

(Learning Topic 6.10) Squatter settlements in Spanish Speaking countries

Favela

(Learning Topic 6.10) a squatter settlement in a Brazilian city

Slum

(Learning Topic 6.10) a heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor, typically located in American cities

Ghetto

(Learning Topic 6.10) A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions

Food Deserts

(Learning Topic 6.10) Areas where it is difficult to find affordable, healthy food options. More common in highly populated low-income urban neighborhoods where there are fewer grocery stores/transportation options to seek out other food choices. Contribute to obesity in these areas bc people resort to buying cheap, highly caloric foods

Rush Hour

(Learning Topic 6.10) the times at the beginning and end of the working day when many people are traveling to or from work

land tenure

(Learning Topic 6.10) how property rights to land are allocated within societies, including how permissions are granted to access, use, control, and transfer land.

Subsidies

(Learning Topic 6.10) a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive.

Inclusionary Zoning

(Learning Topic 6.10) Zoning that encourages affordable housing, often through a density bonus. To get the additional density, new construction must include a set percentage of affordable housing units (or make a payment into a fund to support the development of nearby affordable housing).

Local food movement

(Learning Topic 6.10) Purchasing food from nearby farms because you want to minimize the pollution created from the transportation of food around the world.