AP Biology/AP World History

1.1 Key Points: Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding

- Water is a polar molecule with partial charges, allowing it to form hydrogen bonds

- Hydrogen bonding gives water properties like cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and high specific heat

- Water’s ability to dissolve many substances makes it essential for cellular chemistry and transport of nutrients

- Hydrophilic substances interact well with water, while hydrophobic substances avoid it; this affects protein folding and membrane formation

- Water can be split into H+ and OH-, contributing to pH balance in organisms and supporting enzyme function

1.1 Key Points: Developments in East Asia from 1200-1450

- The Song Dynasty expanded the use of Confucianism and the civil service exam system to strengthen government bureaucracy

- Neo-Confucianism emerged and spread throughout East Asia; blending Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist ideas

- Buddhism continued to influence Chinese society despite state promotion of Confucian norms

- Song China experienced a commercial revolution driven by champa rice and paper money

- Porcelain, silk, and steel became major exports; supported by artisans and free peasant labor

- China's political, cultural, and technological influence extended into Korea, Japan, and Vietnam through trade, diplomacy, and cultural adoption

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